Perioperative Anesthetic Management for A Patient with Atrial Myxoma for Non-Cardiac Surgery

Case report | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2690-1919/567

Perioperative Anesthetic Management for A Patient with Atrial Myxoma for Non-Cardiac Surgery

  • Mohammed Aljahdali *

Associate Professor Vice Dean for Academic Affairs at King Abdulaziz University.

*Corresponding Author: Mohammed Aljahdali, Associate Professor Vice Dean for Academic Affairs at King Abdulaziz University.

Citation: Mohammed Aljahdali, (2025), Perioperative Anesthetic Management for A Patient with Atrial Myxoma for Non-Cardiac Surgery, J Clinical Research and Reports, 21(4); DOI:10.31579/2690-1919/567

Copyright: © 2025, Mohammed Aljahdali. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Received: 07 August 2025 | Accepted: 18 September 2025 | Published: 10 November 2025

Keywords: cancer; histology examination; genetic mutation; innovative drugs; clinical research

Abstract

Atrial myxomas are primary cardiac tumors that are characterized by embolization, intracardiac obstruction, and constitutional symptoms, which are purposefully or incidentally detected on imaging. These tumors may pose significant challenges in the perioperative management of patients undergoing non-cardiac surgeries. This case report details the comprehensive anesthetic management of a 78-year-old male with a large left atrial myxoma undergoing palliative gastro-jejunal loop bypass for small bowel obstruction caused by a duodenal mass. During surgery, the anesthetic management included hemodynamic stability maintenance with phenylephrine infusion, airway management using a GlideScope due to dental concerns, and neuromuscular blockade reversal with sugammadex. In the postoperative period, the patient was vitally stable and did not require any ionotropic support. The future management plan may focus on oncological treatment based on myxoma resection and long-term cardiac monitoring post-myxoma resection. This case report underscores the importance of a tailored anesthetic strategy and multidisciplinary approach in the management of patients with concurrent pathologies.

Introduction

Cardiac myxomas represent the majority of the primary cardiac tumors characterized by the triad of embolization, constitutional features, and intracardiac obstruction. [1,2] The left atrium constitutes the most common site of cardiac myxomas, however, all cardiac chambers can be affected by this pathology. [2] These benign neoplasms These benign neoplasms usually affect adults between the fourth and seventh decades with majority of the cases being sporadic, however, familial cases may emerge in association with Carney’s complex. [3,4] In addition to the clinical features mentioned above, patients with cardiac myxomas may develop cutaneous manifestations, however, cutaneous signs are rare findings. [5] While cardiac myxoma patients may be occasionally asymptomatic, the clinical presentation may include influenza-like clinical features, stroke, cardiac failure, and even death. Despite cardiac myxoma being a benign pathology, the potentially fatal nature of the tumor emphasizes prompt diagnosis and surgical management. [6] While the primary treatment for cardiac myxoma is surgical excision of the tumor, patients diagnosed with this pathology may undergo emergency non-cardiac surgeries with safe and effective anesthesia. [7] This case report discusses the perioperative anesthetic approaches and management of a patient with a large left atrial myxoma, discovered incidentally during the evaluation of gastrointestinal symptoms, who underwent a palliative gastrojejunal loop bypass surgery.

Case Report

A 78-year-old male of 167 cm height and 72 kg weight presented with a medical history of hypertension, which was controlled on amlodipine 5 mg/daily, and diabetes mellitus, which was controlled with gliclazide 30 mg/daily. The patient presented with the complaint of epigastric pain, bilious vomiting, constipation, unintentional weight loss amounting to 30 kg over the past year, and an inability to tolerate oral intake. The patient was referred from another facility with a suspicion of partial bowel obstruction and duodenitis. The patient denied any history of chest pain, syncope, or dyspnea. The 12-lead ECG was normal and did not indicate any significant findings.

On radiological examination, the abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a heterogeneously enhancing mass at the distal duodenum and proximal jejunum, causing small bowel obstruction. Figure 

Figure 1: Cardiac MRI showing late gadolinium enhancement of all four chambers, revealing a mass attached to the interatrial septum without fibrosis, which suggests the presence of an atrial myxoma.

incidental finding of a large atrial mass was noted, which was highly suspicious for a thrombus. This was further evaluated with an echocardiography, which demonstrated a large left atrial mass attached to the inter-atrial septum, suspected to be a thrombus or atrial myxoma. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging ([MRI) confirmed a 2 cm × 3.5 cm atrial mass attached to the septum, with features suggestive of atrial myxoma. Figure 

Figure 2: Transthoracic cardiac MRI demonstrating a left atrial mass attached to the interatrial wall, without significant obstruction of the mitral valve.

Figure: Cardiac MRI showing late gadolinium enhancement of all four chambers, revealing a mass attached to the interatrial septum without fibrosis, which suggests the presence of an atrial myxoma.

Endoscopic evaluation of the patient comprised a duodenal biopsy, which indicated poorly cohesive carcinoma with signet-ring cells, and a colonoscopy which demonstrated segmental colitis and diverticulitis. 

After admitting the patient, a right-sided basilic vein peripherally inserted central catheter [PICC] was placed in order to ensure total parenteral nutrition. Furthermore, the case was discussed in a multidisciplinary meeting whereby surgical resection of the atrial myxoma after managing the bowel obstruction was planned. The management plan also included a diagnostic laparoscopy and a palliative gastrojejunal loop bypass. 

At the day of surgery and upon arrival to the operating room, standard ASA monitors were connected and vitals were as; [HR:113, BP:131/71, SpO2:99%]. Awake arterial line was inserted at the left radial artery after local anesthesia was given with 1ml Lidocaine 2%. Prior to the surgical intervention, the patient was pre-oxygenated with 100% FiO2, and 500 mL of albumin 5% was infused. Induction of anesthesia was initiated with fentanyl 200 µg, which was followed by propofol 40 mg and rocuronium 50 mg to facilitate tracheal intubation. A GlideScope was utilized for intubation since the patient had a loose tooth, and his airway was secured using a 7.5 mm endotracheal tube. General anesthesia was maintained using sevoflurane, targeting a minimum alveolar concentration of 1. A phenylephrine infusion at 30-50 mcg/min was used to maintain a mean arterial pressure above 65 mmHg. The arterial blood gases were monitored frequently and remained within normal limits throughout the procedure.

After the procedure, which was based on the above-mentioned management plan, sugammadex 200 mg was administered intravenously to reverse the neuromuscular blockade and the patient was extubated while fully awake and remained vitally stable as he was transferred to the surgical intensive care unit (SICU). The patient was later transferred from SICU to the ward on the first postoperative day for continued care and recovery. 

Discussion

Cardiac myxomas are benign neoplasms that constitute approximately 50% of benign cardiac tumors with a female preponderance. Most of the cardiac myxomas arise in the atria, with up to three-fourths of the cases developing in the left atrium. Cardiac myxomas commonly involve the inter-atrial septum. [2,4] The two morphological types of myxomas are papillary and polypoid, which are associated with embolization and obstructive features, respectively. The potential for embolization makes cardiac myxomas functionally malignant tumors. [2] Papillary myxomas are gelatinous and fragile in nature, therefore, fragmentation and embolization of the tumor may involve coronary vasculature, limbs, central nervous system, spleen, and kidneys. In rare instances, the cardiac myxomas may undergo calcification, metaplasia, or develop infections. [2,8] 

The majority of the cases of cardiac myxomas are sporadic with only 5% of the cases accounting for familial type associated with Carney’s complex. This autosomal dominant disorder is linked to a genetic mutation in the perinatal myosin heavy chain. While the etiological mechanisms are not clearly established, multipotent mesenchymal stem cells are considered to give rise to cardiac myxomas. These cells demonstrate embryonic endothelial-to-mesenchymal transformation and cardiac mesenchymal differentiation markers. [9]

The diagnosis of cardiac myxomas is made using cardiac MRI, CT scan, or echocardiography, with echocardiography being the first-line investigation for cardiac myxomas. [6] Other diagnostic modalities may include genetic and hematological evaluation as well as the assessment of tumor markers including interleukin-6. [10] Transesophageal echocardiography allows better assessment of the size, morphology, site of attachment, and hemodynamic features of the cardiac tumor. A cardiac myxoma appears as a heterogeneous mobile mass with polypoid and papillary forms. [11] The differential diagnoses of cardiac myxomas are other cardiac neoplasms and intracardiac thrombus. [1] Microscopic assessment of the tumor exhibits glandular differentiation with two components. The first corresponds to a typical myxoma with cells in a myxomatous background whereas the second component comprises acini lined by columnar cells that may or may not be pseudostratified. [12]

Given that cardiac myxomas may embolize and lead to hemodynamic instability and even sudden cardiac death, prompt surgical intervention is necessary. Immediate surgical management is also critical to mitigating the risk of neurological complications such as neurological deficits. Notably, the embolization of cardiac myxomas is not determined by the size of the tumor but by its mobility and friability. Surgical management of cardiac myxomas is based on cardiopulmonary bypass, however, some patients may require concomitant surgical repair of the cardiac valves while ensuring the preservation of the valvular structure. After surgical excision of cardiac myxoma, the patients are followed with history, examination, and echocardiography. CT scan and cardiac MRI can also be useful in assessing the recurrence of cardiac myxomas. [13]

A few studies in the literature have discussed the management of cardiac myxomas in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgeries. The non-cardiac surgeries included hand wound debridement, gastrectomy, and proximal femoral nailing in patients with left atrial myxoma. [7,14] It is crucial to administer safe and adequate anesthesia in cardiac myxoma patients undergoing cardiac surgeries as these patients are susceptible to embolic complications in the perioperative period. [14] Consistent with the anesthetic management of the patient in this case report, Ture et al. discussed the administration of general anesthesia in a patient with atrial myxoma undergoing hernia repair surgery. [15] Moreover, it is imperative to prioritize the intervention, which is a challenging decision to make. While untreated atrial myxoma is associated with significant mortality, small bowel obstruction may culminate in bowel perforation, ischemia, sepsis, and even death if not managed promptly. [16,17] Considering the potential complications of cardiac myxoma, it is imperative to employ a multidisciplinary team consisting of cardiologists, cardiothoracic surgeons, and anesthetists to ensure proper management of these patients and favorable outcomes, and performing the interventions in a cardiac operation theatre. [14] 

Conclusion

This case report has highlighted the diagnostic and management challenges associated with concurrent pathologies in the patient, which included a small bowel obstruction related to a duodenal mass and the incidental diagnosis of atrial myxoma. The employment of a multidisciplinary approach facilitated timely surgical intervention in the patient, optimizing perioperative care and patient outcomes. The findings underscore the importance of vigilant evaluation for incidental findings, such as cardiac masses, during diagnostic work-ups for unrelated symptoms. Lastly, this case report emphasizes the need for continuous monitoring and the potential integration of oncological and cardiological care to address complex, multisystem conditions effectively.

References

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Dr Elvira Farina

Dear Jessica, and the super professional team of the ‘Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions’ I am sincerely grateful to the coordinated work of the journal team for the no problem with the submission of my manuscript: “Cardiometabolic Disorders in A Pregnant Woman with Severe Preeclampsia on the Background of Morbid Obesity (Case Report).” The review process by 5 experts was fast, and the comments were professional, which made it more specific and academic, and the process of publication and presentation of the article was excellent. I recommend that my colleagues publish articles in this journal, and I am interested in further scientific cooperation. Sincerely and best wishes, Dr. Oleg Golyanovskiy.

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Dr Oleg Golyanovski

Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator of the journal - Psychology and Mental Health Care. " The process of obtaining publication of my article in the Psychology and Mental Health Journal was positive in all areas. The peer review process resulted in a number of valuable comments, the editorial process was collaborative and timely, and the quality of this journal has been quickly noticed, resulting in alternative journals contacting me to publish with them." Warm regards, Susan Anne Smith, PhD. Australian Breastfeeding Association.

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Dr Susan Anne Smith

Dear Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, Auctores Publishing LLC. I appreciate the journal (JCCI) editorial office support, the entire team leads were always ready to help, not only on technical front but also on thorough process. Also, I should thank dear reviewers’ attention to detail and creative approach to teach me and bring new insights by their comments. Surely, more discussions and introduction of other hemodynamic devices would provide better prevention and management of shock states. Your efforts and dedication in presenting educational materials in this journal are commendable. Best wishes from, Farahnaz Fallahian.

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Dr Farahnaz Fallahian

Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews, Auctores Publishing LLC. I am delighted to have published our manuscript, "Acute Colonic Pseudo-Obstruction (ACPO): A rare but serious complication following caesarean section." I want to thank the editorial team, especially Maria Emerson, for their prompt review of the manuscript, quick responses to queries, and overall support. Yours sincerely Dr. Victor Olagundoye.

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Dr Victor Olagundoye

Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. Many thanks for publishing this manuscript after I lost confidence the editors were most helpful, more than other journals Best wishes from, Susan Anne Smith, PhD. Australian Breastfeeding Association.

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Dr Susan Anne Smith

Dear Agrippa Hilda, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The entire process including article submission, review, revision, and publication was extremely easy. The journal editor was prompt and helpful, and the reviewers contributed to the quality of the paper. Thank you so much! Eric Nussbaum, MD

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Dr Eric S Nussbaum

Dr Hala Al Shaikh This is to acknowledge that the peer review process for the article ’ A Novel Gnrh1 Gene Mutation in Four Omani Male Siblings, Presentation and Management ’ sent to the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was quick and smooth. The editorial office was prompt with easy communication.

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Hala Al Shaikh

Dear Erin Aust, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice. We are pleased to share our experience with the “Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice”, following the successful publication of our article. The peer review process was thorough and constructive, helping to improve the clarity and quality of the manuscript. We are especially thankful to Ms. Erin Aust, the Editorial Coordinator, for her prompt communication and continuous support throughout the process. Her professionalism ensured a smooth and efficient publication experience. The journal upholds high editorial standards, and we highly recommend it to fellow researchers seeking a credible platform for their work. Best wishes By, Dr. Rakhi Mishra.

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Dr Rakhi Mishra

Dear Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, Auctores Publishing LLC. The peer review process of the journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions was excellent and fast, as was the support of the editorial office and the quality of the journal. Kind regards Walter F. Riesen Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Walter F. Riesen.

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Dr Walter F Riesen

Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews, Auctores Publishing LLC. Thank you for publishing our article, Exploring Clozapine's Efficacy in Managing Aggression: A Multiple Single-Case Study in Forensic Psychiatry in the international journal of clinical case reports and reviews. We found the peer review process very professional and efficient. The comments were constructive, and the whole process was efficient. On behalf of the co-authors, I would like to thank you for publishing this article. With regards, Dr. Jelle R. Lettinga.

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Dr Jelle Lettinga

Dear Clarissa Eric, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, I would like to express my deep admiration for the exceptional professionalism demonstrated by your journal. I am thoroughly impressed by the speed of the editorial process, the substantive and insightful reviews, and the meticulous preparation of the manuscript for publication. Additionally, I greatly appreciate the courteous and immediate responses from your editorial office to all my inquiries. Best Regards, Dariusz Ziora

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Dariusz Ziora

Dear Chrystine Mejia, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Neurodegeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Auctores Publishing LLC, We would like to thank the editorial team for the smooth and high-quality communication leading up to the publication of our article in the Journal of Neurodegeneration and Neurorehabilitation. The reviewers have extensive knowledge in the field, and their relevant questions helped to add value to our publication. Kind regards, Dr. Ravi Shrivastava.

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Dr Ravi Shrivastava

Dear Clarissa Eric, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, Auctores Publishing LLC, USA Office: +1-(302)-520-2644. I would like to express my sincere appreciation for the efficient and professional handling of my case report by the ‘Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies’. The peer review process was not only fast but also highly constructive—the reviewers’ comments were clear, relevant, and greatly helped me improve the quality and clarity of my manuscript. I also received excellent support from the editorial office throughout the process. Communication was smooth and timely, and I felt well guided at every stage, from submission to publication. The overall quality and rigor of the journal are truly commendable. I am pleased to have published my work with Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, and I look forward to future opportunities for collaboration. Sincerely, Aline Tollet, UCLouvain.

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Dr Aline Tollet

Dear Ms. Mayra Duenas, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. “The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews represented the “ideal house” to share with the research community a first experience with the use of the Simeox device for speech rehabilitation. High scientific reputation and attractive website communication were first determinants for the selection of this Journal, and the following submission process exceeded expectations: fast but highly professional peer review, great support by the editorial office, elegant graphic layout. Exactly what a dynamic research team - also composed by allied professionals - needs!" From, Chiara Beccaluva, PT - Italy.

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Dr Chiara Giuseppina Beccaluva

Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator, we have deeply appreciated the professionalism demonstrated by the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. The reviewers have extensive knowledge of our field and have been very efficient and fast in supporting the process. I am really looking forward to further collaboration. Thanks. Best regards, Dr. Claudio Ligresti

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Dr Claudio Ligresti

Dear Chrystine Mejia, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Neurodegeneration and Neurorehabilitation. “The peer review process was efficient and constructive, and the editorial office provided excellent communication and support throughout. The journal ensures scientific rigor and high editorial standards, while also offering a smooth and timely publication process. We sincerely appreciate the work of the editorial team in facilitating the dissemination of innovative approaches such as the Bonori Method.” Best regards, Dr. Matteo Bonori.

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Dr Matteo Bonori

I recommend without hesitation submitting relevant papers on medical decision making to the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I am very grateful to the editorial staff. Maria Emerson was a pleasure to communicate with. The time from submission to publication was an extremely short 3 weeks. The editorial staff submitted the paper to three reviewers. Two of the reviewers commented positively on the value of publishing the paper. The editorial staff quickly recognized the third reviewer’s comments as an unjust attempt to reject the paper. I revised the paper as recommended by the first two reviewers.

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Edouard Kujawski

Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. Thank you for publishing our case report: "Clinical Case of Effective Fetal Stem Cells Treatment in a Patient with Autism Spectrum Disorder" within the "Journal of Clinical Research and Reports" being submitted by the team of EmCell doctors from Kyiv, Ukraine. We much appreciate a professional and transparent peer-review process from Auctores. All research Doctors are so grateful to your Editorial Office and Auctores Publishing support! I amiably wish our article publication maintained a top quality of your International Scientific Journal. My best wishes for a prosperity of the Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. Hope our scientific relationship and cooperation will remain long lasting. Thank you very much indeed. Kind regards, Dr. Andriy Sinelnyk Cell Therapy Center EmCell

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Dr Andriy Sinelnyk

Dear Editorial Team, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions. It was truly a rewarding experience to work with the journal “Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions”. The peer review process was insightful and encouraging, helping us refine our work to a higher standard. The editorial office offered exceptional support with prompt and thoughtful communication. I highly value the journal’s role in promoting scientific advancement and am honored to be part of it. Best regards, Meng-Jou Lee, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, National Taiwan University Hospital.

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Dr Meng-JouLe

Dear Editorial Team, Journal-Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, “Publishing my article with Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions has been a highly positive experience. The peer-review process was rigorous yet supportive, offering valuable feedback that strengthened my work. The editorial team demonstrated exceptional professionalism, prompt communication, and a genuine commitment to maintaining the highest scientific standards. I am very pleased with the publication quality and proud to be associated with such a reputable journal.” Warm regards, Dr. Mahmoud Kamal Moustafa Ahmed

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Mahmoud Kamal Moustafa Ahmed

Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator of ‘International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews’, I appreciate the opportunity to publish my article with your journal. The editorial office provided clear communication during the submission and review process, and I found the overall experience professional and constructive. Best regards, Elena Salvatore.

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Dr Elena Salvatore

Dear Mayra Duenas, Editorial Coordinator of ‘International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews Herewith I confirm an optimal peer review process and a great support of the editorial office of the present journal

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Christoph Maurer

Dear Editorial Team, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions. I am really grateful for the peers review; their feedback gave me the opportunity to reflect on the message and impact of my work and to ameliorate the article. The editors did a great job in addition by encouraging me to continue with the process of publishing.

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Baciulescu Laura

Dear Cecilia Lilly, Editorial Coordinator, Endocrinology and Disorders, Thank you so much for your quick response regarding reviewing and all process till publishing our manuscript entitled: Prevalence of Pre-Diabetes and its Associated Risk Factors Among Nile College Students, Sudan. Best regards, Dr Mamoun Magzoub.

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Dr Mamoun Magzoub