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Case Report | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2578-8965/288
1Shanghai Jiading Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Shanghai, China.
2Jiading District Anting Hospital, Shanghai, China.
3Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City (Affiliated Shenzhen Women and Children's Hospital (Longgang) of Shantou University Medical College), Shenzhen, China.
#These authors contributed equally to this work.
*Corresponding Author: Yi Song, Shanghai Jiading Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Shanghai, China.
Citation: Fang Xi, Yanhong Bie, Jian Jin, Jie Chen, Lu Wu, et al, (2026), Tubulosquamous Polyp of The Vagina: A Report of Three Cases and Review of The Literature, J. Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, 10(1) DOI:10.31579/2578-8965/288
Copyright: © 2026, Yi Song. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of The Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Received: 14 October 2025 | Accepted: 02 January 2026 | Published: 16 January 2026
Keywords: tubulosquamous polyp; clinicopathological analysis; case report
Background: Tubulosquamous polyp (TSP) is a rare benign lesion predominantly occurring in the vaginal wall, most commonly affecting postmenopausal women and rarely observed in women of late reproductive age. The lesion typically arises in the upper vaginal wall. Its histogenesis remains unclear, although it is widely believed to originate from Skene’s glands, which are homologous to the male prostate.
Case: We report three cases of TSP, all occurring in postmenopausal women. Each case underwent detailed clinicopathological evaluation, including histological and immunohistochemical analysis, to characterize the features of this uncommon lesion.
Conclusion: This case series highlights the importance of recognizing TSP as a distinct benign entity to enhance awareness and further improve the understanding of this rare disease, thereby helping to reduce the risk of missed or incorrect diagnoses.
Neoplasms of the vaginal wall are predominantly benign, with fibroepithelial polyps being the most common type [1]. In addition, some stromal tumors, such as leiomyomas and angiomyofibroblastomas, can present as neoplasm-like growths [2]. However, tubulosquamous polyps (TSPs) have rarely been reported, and their origin remains unclear. Most experts believe that TSPs originate from Skene’s glands, which are similar to the male prostate in terms of physiological functions [3]. In the cervical region, these lesions are referred to as ectopic prostatic tissue [4, 5]. At present, there are relatively few reports on TSPs in the literature. Herein, we present three cases of TSP, describe their clinicopathological characteristics, and aim to enhance the awareness and understanding of this rare disease among pathologists and clinicians.
We selected three cases diagnosed at the Department of Pathology, Jiading Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital in Shanghai, and conducted a clinicopathological analysis to enhance the understanding of this rare disease. All patients were postmenopausal women, aged 54, 64, and 68 years old. The lesions were located in the vaginal fornix, the upper part of the vaginal wall, and the lower part of the labia majora, respectively. None of the patients had a history of gynecological disease, prior treatments such as radiotherapy or chemotherapy, or a family history of hereditary tumors.
All three cases presented as grayish-white polypoid lesions measuring 0.5 to 1.5 cm in diameter. The surface was grayish-white and smooth, with a relatively soft consistency and no roughness or nodular protrusions. Upon sectioning, the cut surface appeared grayish-white with a medium texture, and there were no signs of hemorrhage or necrosis.
Microscopic examination revealed squamous epithelial cell nests embedded within the fibrous stroma of the nodular lesions. These nests varied in size and morphology, and most of them lacked mature squamous epithelial cells. Surrounding the nests were relatively flattened basaloid cells arranged in a compact pattern. The cell nuclei were round or oval, with evenly distributed chromatin and no obvious nucleoli. Central areas of the nests occasionally contained necrotic nuclear debris or calcification. The necrotic nuclear debris appeared as unstructured eosinophilic substances, while the calcifications presented as blue-stained granular or confluent deposits. The surface of the nodules was covered by squamous epithelium; however, there was no direct connection between this surface epithelium and the underlying squamous epithelial nests, and the boundary between them was clear (Figure 1A). Tubular structures could be seen around the cell nests, composed of single-layered or double-layered epithelial cells. The luminal surface was composed of cuboidal cells with relatively regular morphology and centrally located round nuclei containing fine chromatin. The basal layer consisted of small, flat cells that were neatly arranged. The lumens often contained homogeneous eosinophilic secretions, which appeared as uniformly red substances that filled the glandular spaces under light microscopy. The fibrous stromal cells appeared bland, without mitotic figures or necrosis. Stromal cells exhibited regular morphology, uniform nuclear size, and no cytologic atypia (Figure 1B).
Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the squamous epithelial cell nests were positive for P63, AE1/AE3, and cytokeratin (CK)5/6. P63 exhibited strong brownish-yellow staining in the cell nuclei, indicating squamous epithelial differentiation. AE1/AE3 showed positive staining in the cytoplasm, further confirming the epithelial nature of the cells. CK5/6 was also expressed in the cytoplasm, suggesting that these cells belonged to the stratified squamous epithelial cell type. The tubular structures were positive for prostatic markers, including prostate-specific acid phosphatase and prostate-specific antigen (PSA), both of which showed brownish-yellow cytoplasmic staining, implying the differentiation of the prostate lineage in the tubular structures (Figures 1C and 1D). Additionally, the flattened cell layer surrounding the tubular structures expressed S100, calponin, and smooth muscle actin (SMA). S100 showed cytoplasmic positivity, while calponin and SMA also showed positive staining in the cytoplasm, indicating myoepithelial differentiation in these flattened cells.
Follow-up data were available for all three patients. None of them received additional treatment after surgical excision. The follow-up period ranged from 1 to 4 years, during which patients were monitored through regular gynecological examinations, vaginal ultrasound, and other assessments. No signs of recurrence or metastasis were observed during the follow-up period. All patients had a good quality of life, with no reports of abnormal vaginal bleeding, pain, or other discomfort.
Figure 1: Histological and immunohistochemical features of tubulosquamous polyp (TSP).
A: Low-power view (20×) showing squamous epithelial cell nests with central keratinized material; B: Tubular structures with mucinous differentiation within the squamous epithelial nests (20×); C: Immunohistochemical staining showing cytoplasmic positivity for prostate-specific antigen in the tubular structures (EnVision method); D: Cytoplasmic positivity for prostatic acid phosphatase in the tubular structures (EnVision method).
TSP is most commonly found the upper vaginal wall but can also occur in the cervix and vulva. It is a benign lesion with an unclear origin. Currently, it is believed that TSP originates from Skene’s glands, which are similar to the male prostate [3, 6]. In 2007, McCluggage and Young first reported and described 10 cases of tubulosquamous epithelial polyps. They also believed that some previously reported cases of vaginal Brenner tumors were likely misdiagnosed TSPs [7]. This highlights the possibility of diagnostic confusion due to insufficient understanding of TSPs among clinicians and pathologists. Improving recognition of this entity is, therefore, of great clinical significance. TSP typically occurs in postmenopausal women, possibly related to hormonal changes, particularly decreased estrogen levels, which may affect the local microenvironment of the vaginal wall, thus promoting the occurrence of this lesion. However, TSP can occasionally occur in older women of childbearing age. Most patients are diagnosed either because of symptoms such as vaginal bleeding or incidentally during routine gynecological examinations [7]. In this report, all three patients sought medical treatment after growths were identified during physical examinations. One lesion was located in the vaginal fornix, another in the upper part of the vagina, and the third—in the youngest patient (54 years old)—was found below the labia majora. Clinically, TSPs usually present as polyps or nodules and often cause vaginal bleeding. This bleeding is likely attributed to the thin mucosal surface of the lesion, which is easily affected by factors such as friction. TSP is considered biologically inert, with no reports of recurrence to date. In our series, the longest follow-up period was 4 years, during which no recurrence was observed in any of the three patients, further confirming the benign and non-aggressive nature of this lesion.
TSP should be differentiated from the following six lesions: ① Fibroepithelial polyp: This is a more commonly encountered lesion in clinical practice. Histologically, it exhibits a fibrovascular core in the central fibrous stroma, covered by stratified squamous epithelium of varying thickness. There are no squamous epithelial cell nests or tubular structures in the stroma, and the stromal cells are sparse and bland, though mild atypia might be present, distinguishing them from TSPs [1, 8]. Clinically, fibroepithelial polyps are soft and mobile, often shifting with changes in body position, while TSPs are relatively fixed and have a firmer texture. ② Benign mixed tumor of the vagina (vaginal spindle cell epithelioma): It is more commonly found in the posterior vaginal wall near the hymenal ring in premenopausal women. Histologically, it contains both epithelial (squamous and glandular) and spindle-shaped stromal cells. The stromal component is rich in cellularity and expresses CK, with WT-1 and calretinin also being helpful for differentiation [9]. The intermingled architecture of epithelial and stromal components in this tumor contrasts with the distinct squamous nests and tubular structures seen in TSP. ③ Vaginal Brenner tumor: Typically located in the lower part of the vagina or around the hymen, this tumor is composed of bland transitional epithelium in dense fibrous stroma. A characteristic feature is the presence of nuclear grooves within the epithelial cells [10]. The transitional epithelial morphology and grooved nuclei are important differential features that differ from the squamous nests in TSP. ④ Ectopic prostate tissue (EPT): Histologically, EPT mimics the structure of normal prostate acini. In typical cases, the epithelial lining forms inverted papillae or cribriform structures, similar to the central zone of the normal prostate. These lesions are located beneath the surface epithelium of the urogenital tract [11]. Although both EPT and TSP contain glandular elements suggestive of prostatic differentiation, the tissue structure of EPT is closer to that of normal prostate acini, with unique papillae or cribriform structures, unlike the simpler tubular structures of TSP.
In summary, although TSP is a benign lesion often occurring in the vagina, it is extremely rare and prone to missed diagnosis, misdiagnosis, or overdiagnosis. When vaginal polyps are observed in postmenopausal women, especially those exhibiting biphasic differentiation with both squamous and glandular components, TSP should be considered in the differential diagnosis. To aid in the recognition of this uncommon entity, we reported three cases of TSP and conducted a literature review to enhance the understanding of its clinicopathological features among clinicians and pathologists. Improved awareness is essential for establishing an accurate and definitive diagnosis.
This work was supported by a grant from the Natural Science Foundation of Jiading District, Shanghai (grant number JDKW-2022-0037).
The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethical Approval
Not applicable. This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animal subjects.
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Dear Erin Aust, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice. We are pleased to share our experience with the “Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice”, following the successful publication of our article. The peer review process was thorough and constructive, helping to improve the clarity and quality of the manuscript. We are especially thankful to Ms. Erin Aust, the Editorial Coordinator, for her prompt communication and continuous support throughout the process. Her professionalism ensured a smooth and efficient publication experience. The journal upholds high editorial standards, and we highly recommend it to fellow researchers seeking a credible platform for their work. Best wishes By, Dr. Rakhi Mishra.
Dear Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, Auctores Publishing LLC. The peer review process of the journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions was excellent and fast, as was the support of the editorial office and the quality of the journal. Kind regards Walter F. Riesen Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Walter F. Riesen.
Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews, Auctores Publishing LLC. Thank you for publishing our article, Exploring Clozapine's Efficacy in Managing Aggression: A Multiple Single-Case Study in Forensic Psychiatry in the international journal of clinical case reports and reviews. We found the peer review process very professional and efficient. The comments were constructive, and the whole process was efficient. On behalf of the co-authors, I would like to thank you for publishing this article. With regards, Dr. Jelle R. Lettinga.
Dear Clarissa Eric, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, I would like to express my deep admiration for the exceptional professionalism demonstrated by your journal. I am thoroughly impressed by the speed of the editorial process, the substantive and insightful reviews, and the meticulous preparation of the manuscript for publication. Additionally, I greatly appreciate the courteous and immediate responses from your editorial office to all my inquiries. Best Regards, Dariusz Ziora
Dear Chrystine Mejia, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Neurodegeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Auctores Publishing LLC, We would like to thank the editorial team for the smooth and high-quality communication leading up to the publication of our article in the Journal of Neurodegeneration and Neurorehabilitation. The reviewers have extensive knowledge in the field, and their relevant questions helped to add value to our publication. Kind regards, Dr. Ravi Shrivastava.
Dear Clarissa Eric, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, Auctores Publishing LLC, USA Office: +1-(302)-520-2644. I would like to express my sincere appreciation for the efficient and professional handling of my case report by the ‘Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies’. The peer review process was not only fast but also highly constructive—the reviewers’ comments were clear, relevant, and greatly helped me improve the quality and clarity of my manuscript. I also received excellent support from the editorial office throughout the process. Communication was smooth and timely, and I felt well guided at every stage, from submission to publication. The overall quality and rigor of the journal are truly commendable. I am pleased to have published my work with Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, and I look forward to future opportunities for collaboration. Sincerely, Aline Tollet, UCLouvain.
Dear Ms. Mayra Duenas, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. “The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews represented the “ideal house” to share with the research community a first experience with the use of the Simeox device for speech rehabilitation. High scientific reputation and attractive website communication were first determinants for the selection of this Journal, and the following submission process exceeded expectations: fast but highly professional peer review, great support by the editorial office, elegant graphic layout. Exactly what a dynamic research team - also composed by allied professionals - needs!" From, Chiara Beccaluva, PT - Italy.
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator, we have deeply appreciated the professionalism demonstrated by the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. The reviewers have extensive knowledge of our field and have been very efficient and fast in supporting the process. I am really looking forward to further collaboration. Thanks. Best regards, Dr. Claudio Ligresti
Dear Chrystine Mejia, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Neurodegeneration and Neurorehabilitation. “The peer review process was efficient and constructive, and the editorial office provided excellent communication and support throughout. The journal ensures scientific rigor and high editorial standards, while also offering a smooth and timely publication process. We sincerely appreciate the work of the editorial team in facilitating the dissemination of innovative approaches such as the Bonori Method.” Best regards, Dr. Matteo Bonori.
I recommend without hesitation submitting relevant papers on medical decision making to the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I am very grateful to the editorial staff. Maria Emerson was a pleasure to communicate with. The time from submission to publication was an extremely short 3 weeks. The editorial staff submitted the paper to three reviewers. Two of the reviewers commented positively on the value of publishing the paper. The editorial staff quickly recognized the third reviewer’s comments as an unjust attempt to reject the paper. I revised the paper as recommended by the first two reviewers.
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. Thank you for publishing our case report: "Clinical Case of Effective Fetal Stem Cells Treatment in a Patient with Autism Spectrum Disorder" within the "Journal of Clinical Research and Reports" being submitted by the team of EmCell doctors from Kyiv, Ukraine. We much appreciate a professional and transparent peer-review process from Auctores. All research Doctors are so grateful to your Editorial Office and Auctores Publishing support! I amiably wish our article publication maintained a top quality of your International Scientific Journal. My best wishes for a prosperity of the Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. Hope our scientific relationship and cooperation will remain long lasting. Thank you very much indeed. Kind regards, Dr. Andriy Sinelnyk Cell Therapy Center EmCell
Dear Editorial Team, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions. It was truly a rewarding experience to work with the journal “Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions”. The peer review process was insightful and encouraging, helping us refine our work to a higher standard. The editorial office offered exceptional support with prompt and thoughtful communication. I highly value the journal’s role in promoting scientific advancement and am honored to be part of it. Best regards, Meng-Jou Lee, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, National Taiwan University Hospital.
Dear Editorial Team, Journal-Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, “Publishing my article with Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions has been a highly positive experience. The peer-review process was rigorous yet supportive, offering valuable feedback that strengthened my work. The editorial team demonstrated exceptional professionalism, prompt communication, and a genuine commitment to maintaining the highest scientific standards. I am very pleased with the publication quality and proud to be associated with such a reputable journal.” Warm regards, Dr. Mahmoud Kamal Moustafa Ahmed
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator of ‘International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews’, I appreciate the opportunity to publish my article with your journal. The editorial office provided clear communication during the submission and review process, and I found the overall experience professional and constructive. Best regards, Elena Salvatore.
Dear Mayra Duenas, Editorial Coordinator of ‘International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews Herewith I confirm an optimal peer review process and a great support of the editorial office of the present journal
Dear Editorial Team, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions. I am really grateful for the peers review; their feedback gave me the opportunity to reflect on the message and impact of my work and to ameliorate the article. The editors did a great job in addition by encouraging me to continue with the process of publishing.
Dear Cecilia Lilly, Editorial Coordinator, Endocrinology and Disorders, Thank you so much for your quick response regarding reviewing and all process till publishing our manuscript entitled: Prevalence of Pre-Diabetes and its Associated Risk Factors Among Nile College Students, Sudan. Best regards, Dr Mamoun Magzoub.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is a high quality journal that has a clear and concise submission process. The peer review process was comprehensive and constructive. Support from the editorial office was excellent, since the administrative staff were responsive. The journal provides a fast and timely publication timeline.
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator of International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews, What distinguishes International Journal of Clinical Case Report and Review is not only the scientific rigor of its publications, but the intellectual climate in which research is evaluated. The submission process is refreshingly free of unnecessary formal barriers and bureaucratic rituals that often complicate academic publishing without adding real value. The peer-review system is demanding yet constructive, guided by genuine scientific dialogue rather than hierarchical or authoritarian attitudes. Reviewers act as collaborators in improving the manuscript, not as gatekeepers imposing arbitrary standards. This journal offers a rare balance: high methodological standards combined with a respectful, transparent, and supportive editorial approach. In an era where publishing can feel more burdensome than research itself, this platform restores the original purpose of peer review — to refine ideas, not to obstruct them Prof. Perlat Kapisyzi, FCCP PULMONOLOGIST AND THORACIC IMAGING.
Dear Grace Pierce, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews I appreciate the opportunity to review for Auctore Journal, as the overall editorial process was smooth, transparent and professionally managed. This journal maintains high scientific standards and ensures timely communications with authors, which is truly commendable. I would like to express my special thanks to editor Grace Pierce for his constant guidance, promt responses, and supportive coordination throughout the review process. I am also greatful to Eleanor Bailey from the finance department for her clear communication and efficient handling of all administrative matters. Overall, my experience with Auctore Journal has been highly positive and rewarding. Best regards, Sabita sinha
Dear Mayra Duenas, Editorial Coordinator of the journal IJCCR, I write here a little on my experience as an author submitting to the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews (IJCCR). This was my first submission to IJCCR and my manuscript was inherently an outsider’s effort. It attempted to broadly identify and then make some sense of life’s under-appreciated mysteries. I initially had responded to a request for possible submissions. I then contacted IJCCR with a tentative topic for a manuscript. They quickly got back with an approval for the submission, but with a particular requirement that it be medically relevant. I then put together a manuscript and submitted it. After the usual back-and-forth over forms and formality, the manuscript was sent off for reviews. Within 2 weeks I got back 4 reviews which were both helpful and also surprising. Surprising in that the topic was somewhat foreign to medical literature. My subsequent updates in response to the reviewer comments went smoothly and in short order I had a series of proofs to evaluate. All in all, the whole publication process seemed outstanding. It was both helpful in terms of the paper’s content and also in terms of its efficient and friendly communications. Thank you all very much. Sincerely, Ted Christopher, Rochester, NY.
