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Review Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2640-1053/257
Department of pharmacognosy, Rbvrr Womens college of pharmacy, Osmania University.
*Corresponding Author: Krishna Shailaja., Riggs pharmaceutical Department of Pharmacy University of Karachi, Pakistan.
Citation: L. Shirisha, K. Kalpana, K. Sravya, L. Manasa, Sudhaparimala, Krishna Shailaja, (2026), Phytochemical Investigation and Pharmacological Activities of Propolis, J. Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics. 10(1); DOI:10.31579/2640-1053/257
Copyright: © 2026, Krishna Shailaja. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Received: 14 January 2026 | Accepted: 26 January 2026 | Published: 06 February 2026
Keywords: hplc; antimicrobial activity; pharmacological activities; phytochemical constituents
Propolis, a resinous bee product, protects hives and contains over 500 bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, vitamins, and minerals. Its composition varies regionally, influencing therapeutic potential. Traditionally valued, modern studies confirm antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer effects. Despite commercialization, standardization challenges persist, requiring improved extraction and clinical validation. Propolis, a resinous bee product, has been valued since antiquity for healing and preservation. Its composition, exceeding 300 compounds, varies with regional flora, yielding diverse types such as European, Brazilian, and Cuban. Rich in phenolics, propolis exhibits antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor activities, supporting applications in medicine, food, and health supplements. Propolis demonstrates antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory activities. It supports diabetes management via flavonoids, reduces inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis, induces apoptosis in cancer cells, protects gastrointestinal health, shows promise in COVID 19 therapy, and alleviates asthma through anti allergic effects. Its diverse bioactive compounds highlight broad therapeutic potential across diseases.
Propolis: Nature’s Protective Bee Product
Propolis is a sticky, resin-like material made by honeybees, especially Apis mellifera. Bees collect plant resins, saps, and gums, mix them with their saliva and beeswax, and form propolis. Inside the hive, it acts like a natural shield—sealing cracks, reducing airflow, preventing excess moisture, and stopping harmful microbes. This helps keep the hive healthy and stable. Propolis extracts are prepared through purification, grinding, and ethanol-based extraction. Method A uses 10 g powder stirred in ethanol, centrifuged, and concentrated; Method B involves freezing, fine grinding, and 70% ethanol with sonication. Extract yields are determined gravimetrically. Solvent choice—ethanol, methanol, glycerol, water, or DMSO—depends on analytical or biological applications [1,2]. Liquid–Liquid Extraction (LLE) efficiently isolates phenols and flavonoids from propolis for chromatographic analysis. Using methanol–water dissolution, acidification, and organic solvents (ether, ethyl acetate), phenolics are recovered and concentrated. Fractionation with hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and butanol separates compounds by polarity. Resulting extracts, dried under vacuum, enable reproducible phytochemical profiles. Samples prepared in methanol/ethanol or DCM, spotted on silica gel TLC plates. Mobile phases vary (hexane–ethyl acetate, toluene–chloroform–ethanol, ethyl acetate–formic acid–acetic acid–water). Development in saturated chambers. Visualization under UV (254/366 nm) or spray reagents (Dragendorff, ferric chloride, vanillin, anisaldehyde). Propolis shows antimicrobial action against Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus, correlating with polyphenol content and synergizing with antibiotics. Antiangiogenesis is demonstrated via CAM assays, inhibiting blood vessel growth at varying concentrations. Insecticidal activity reduces grain damage and pest mortality in maize and cowpea, confirming broad biological efficacy. Propolis exhibits diverse pharmacological activities. It shows antimicrobial effects against Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus, linked to polyphenol content and synergistic with antibiotics. Antiangiogenic potential is demonstrated in CAM assays, suppressing blood vessel growth. Insecticidal activity reduces grain damage and pest mortality in maize and cowpea, confirming broad biological efficacy [3,4]. Chemically, propolis is very rich and complex. Scientists have identified more than 500 compounds, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, terpenes, sugars, vitamins, and minerals. Common substances include caffeic acid, quercetin, rutin, pinocembrin, and caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE). It also contains vitamins A, B, C, and E, along with minerals such as calcium, magnesium, iron, and zinc. The exact composition depends on the plants available in each region. For example, Brazilian propolis is high in artepillin C, Cuban propolis contains benzophenones, and tropical propolis has unique terpenoids. Propolis has been used for centuries in traditional medicine, including Ayurveda, Chinese medicine, and folk remedies. Modern research confirms its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. It has shown benefits in wound healing, oral health, cardiovascular protection, liver support, and even in managing diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, it has been studied for possible roles in COVID-19 treatment. Today, propolis is available in many forms such as capsules, powders, mouthwashes, lozenges, cosmetics, and even beverages. Propolis powder is made by drying and grinding raw propolis, and it is widely used in supplements and topical remedies. Despite its many benefits, challenges remain in standardizing its quality because its chemical makeup varies widely with geography and season. Future studies aim to improve extraction methods, understand its molecular actions, and confirm its safety through large-scale clinical trials. With its long history of use and growing scientific support, propolis continues to be valued both in folk medicine and modern healthcare for its wide range of natural benefits [5,6].
Geographical Distribution of Propolis
Propolis has been valued since ancient times for its healing properties. The Greeks used it to treat wounds and abscesses, while Egyptians applied it during mummification. Propolis is made by honeybees of the genus Apis, especially Apis mellifera (found in Europe, Asia, and Africa) and Apis cerana (common in South and Southeast Asia). Bees mix plant resins with wax and their own secretions to create this sticky material, which is one of the most biologically active products of the hive [7,8]. The chemical composition of propolis changes depending on the plants available in each region. Raw propolis contains more than 300 compounds, including triterpenes, waxes, volatile oils, and phenolic substances. These compounds give propolis its aroma and strong medicinal properties. Based on plant sources, propolis is broadly classified into Poplar (temperate), Birch, Tropical, Mediterranean, and Pacific types. Three major forms are well known: European (poplar-type), Green Brazilian (from Baccharis dracunculifolia), and Red Cuban (from Clusia rosea). Each has unique chemical features and health benefits. For example, Chilean propolis shows strong antibacterial and antifungal activity, with high levels of pinocembrin, quercetin, and caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE). Lithuanian propolis, derived mainly from poplar buds, is rich in p coumaric and caffeic acids, showing strong antioxidant and antimicrobial effects. Poplar-type propolis is the most widely distributed, found across Europe, Asia, and North America. Other plants such as pine, acacia, and willow also contribute to its production. Brazilian propolis is divided into green and red types, while Russian propolis comes from birch trees. Cuban and Venezuelan red propolis originates from Clusia species. Scientific studies confirm that these regional varieties share common bioactive properties, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antitumor effects. However, the exact compounds responsible for these benefits are still being investigated. Overall, the biological activities of propolis are linked to plant-derived secondary metabolites, especially phenolic compounds. Its chemical diversity, shaped by geography and local flora, makes propolis a unique natural product with wide applications in medicine, food, and health supplements [9,10].
Chemical Constituents of Propolis
Advances in modern analytical techniques—such as HPLC, thin layer chromatography, gas chromatography (GC), and identification tools like mass spectrometry (MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and GC MS—have revealed a wide range of compounds in propolis. These include flavonoids, terpenes, phenolics and their esters, sugars, hydrocarbons, and minerals. Interestingly, some common plant metabolites like alkaloids and iridoids are absent. Between 2000 and 2012, researchers reported 241 new compounds, classified by chemical type, geographic distribution, and plant origin[11,12].
Flavonoids
Flavonoids are the most abundant constituents and serve as quality markers for temperate propolis. They show antibacterial, antiviral, and anti inflammatory activity. Structurally, they include flavones, flavanols, flavanones, flavanonols, chalcones, dihydrochalcones, isoflavones, isodihydroflavones, and neoflavanoids. From 2000–2012, 112 flavonoids were newly reported, including rare glycosides like isorhamnetin 3 O rutinoside.
Phenolic and Other Constituents of Propolis
Propolis is a complex bee product rich in diverse chemical compounds. Modern analytical techniques have revealed phenolics, sugars, hydrocarbons, minerals, vitamins, and other natural substances that contribute to its biological activity.
Phenolics
Brazilian green propolis contains many phenylpropanoids such as cinnamic, p coumaric, caffeic, and ferulic acids. Prenylated cinnamic acids are distinctive and strongly antimicrobial. Chlorogenic acid and quinic acid derivatives are abundant in Citrus derived Brazilian propolis. Poplar propolis shows caffeic and isoferulic acid derivatives.
Stilbenes
Though rare in plants, stilbenes are found in propolis. Kenyan and Solomon Island propolis contain geranyl and farnesyl stilbenes from Macaranga species. Australian Kangaroo Island propolis is especially rich in prenylated stilbenes, showing strong antioxidant activity.
Lignans
Lignans are prominent in tropical propolis. Kenyan and Brazilian samples revealed three lignans, while additional phenolics were reported from Brazil, Indonesia, France, Iran, and Malta. Nemorosone from Clusia rosea marks brown propolis, while Iranian propolis contains Ferula derived compounds such as tschimgin and ferutinin.
Sugars
Sugars in propolis may originate from nectar, honey, or plant mucilage. Egyptian propolis revealed unique sugars like galactitol and galacturonic acid. Evidence supports mucilage as a major source.
Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons include alkanes, alkenes, esters, fatty acids, and steroids. Studies show propolis waxes are secreted by bees and genetically determined, not plant derived.
Mineral Elements
Trace elements such as Ca, K, Mg, Na, Fe, and Zn are common, while toxic elements like As, Cd, Hg, and Pb have also been detected. Elemental composition helps distinguish propolis by geographic origin.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates come from nectar, honey, and resins, adding to the sugar profile of propolis.
Vitamins
Propolis contains vitamins E, C, B1, B2, and B6. Thiamine and riboflavin originate from flower pollen, enhancing its nutritional and therapeutic value.
Flower Pollen
Pollen contributes over 96 nutrients, including amino acids, vitamins, minerals, and hormones, making it vital
Resin
Resin is a tree exudate, typically secreted from branches and trunks during spring. Bees collect these resins, modify them within the hive, and employ them as sealants, polishers, disinfectants, and even for preserving dead insects.
Wax
Bee wax is a soft, yellowish material with high absorbency. It consists of esters, fatty acids, long-chain alcohols, and occasionally free hydrocarbons. Although wax is moisture-resistant and chemically stable, it is vulnerable to heat and mechanical stress.
Preparation of Propolis Extracts
1. Purification of Raw Propolis
2. Ethanol Extraction (Method A)
3. Alternative Extraction (Method B)
4. Determination of Extract Concentration
Solvents used
Phytochemical Profiling of Propolis Extracts
Phytochemical profiling of local propolis extracts was carried out to ensure quality and consistency. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was employed using a Zorbax Eclipse XDB C18 column (4.6 × 150 mm, 5 μm). The mobile phase consisted of methanol, acetonitrile, and water with formic acid. Detection was performed at 260 nm with a flow rate of 1.2 ml/min. Retention times of approximately 30 minutes were compared with standards such as gallic acid, quercetin, and Trolox to confirm the presence of flavonoids [13,14].
Total Flavonoid Content (TFC)
Flavonoid quantification involved sequential reactions with NaNO₂, AlCl₃, and NaOH solutions. A 10 μl sample was incubated with these reagents, and absorbance was measured at 415 nm. Quercetin served as the standard, and all tests were performed in triplicate to ensure reproducibility.
Total Phenolic Content (TPC)
Phenolic content was determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu method. Samples were mixed with Folin reagent and Na₂CO₃ solution, incubated at 37°C for 30 minutes, and absorbance measured at 760 nm. Gallic acid was used as the reference standard, and results were expressed as gallic acid equivalents (mg/g extract).
Antioxidant Activity (DPPH Assay)
Antioxidant capacity was assessed using the DPPH radical scavenging assay. Propolis samples were incubated with freshly prepared DPPH solution in methanol for 30 minutes in the dark. Absorbance was measured at 517 nm. Trolox, a vitamin E analogue, was used as the standard, and results expressed as Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC).
Standard Liquid–Liquid Extraction (LLE) of Phenols and Flavonoids from Propolis
Liquid–Liquid Extraction (LLE) is a widely used method to isolate phenolic compounds and flavonoids from propolis for further analysis by HPLC, LC DAD, or GC MS.
Fractionation for phenols
Materials and Equipment
Procedure
Fractionation for Flavonoids
TLC of propolis
TLC OF PHENOLS
Sample Preparation for TLC
Dissolve the concentrated extract in a small volume of a suitable solvent (e.g., methanol or ethanol) to achieve a final concentrated of approximately 1% (10mg/ml). The sample should be concentrated enough to be visible on the TLC plate.
Filter the final sample solution, if needed, through a 0.45µm filter to remove any fine particles before spotting's
TLC Plate Preparation
Mobile Phase Selection
Common solvent systems for phenol separation include:
Development
Visualization
TLC of Alkaloids:
Preparation of the drugs extracts for TLC.
1 gm of the powdered drug is thoroughly mixed with 1 ml of the 10% NH3 solution or 10% Na2CO3 solution; it is then subjected to extraction by shaking for about 5 minutes with 5 ml of methanol at 60°C (on a water bath). The filtrate is cooled and concentrated.
Adsorbent: Silica gel 60 F254 pre-coated TLC plates.
Solvent system: Toluene: chloroform: ethanol (28.5:57:14.5)
Acetone: water: conc.NH3 (90:7:3)
Toluene: acetone: ethanol: conc.NH3 (40:40:6:2)
Chloroform: methanol (85:15)
Detection
TLC of flavonoid
Preparation of the sample for TLC:
1gm of powdered sample is subjected to extraction with 10ml of methanol for 5 minutes on a water bath 60oC. The clear filtrate is used for TLC.
Adsorbent:
Silica gel 60 F254 pre-coated plates.
Solvent system:
Ethyl Acetate-Formic Acid-Glacial Acetic Acid-H2O (100:11:11:27)
Detection:
Without chemical treatment:
All flavonoids cause fluorescence quenching, which is seen as dark blue zones on the yellow background of the TLC plate at UV 254nm. Depending on the structural type, flavonoids fluoresce yellow, blue or green at UV 365nm.
Spray reagents:
Typical fluorescent colors in UV 365nm after spraying with PEG. Fluorescence behavior is structure-dependent.
Pharmacological activities of propolis
Antimicrobial activity
These extracts were serially diluted in agar, in Petri dishes. The dishes were then inoculated with the bacteria Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and the fungus Candida albicans, and incubated at 37˚C or 20 25˚C for 48h.The growth of B. cereus and S. aureus, was inhibited by propolis at concentrations ranging from 125 to 500 µg/ml, but usually not that of the other two bacteria, or the fungus, even at concentrations higher than 1000 ug/ml (Shub et al., 1978).A correlation was observed between the polyphenol content of alcoholic extracts of propolis (AEP) and their antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus. In 91% of cases a high polyphenols content (59% or higher) was associated with significant antimicrobial activity (Malimon et al., 1980). In chickens, propolis was effective against S. aureus and S. epidermidis in vitro (Glinnik and Gapanovich, 1981). One hundred and six strains of S. aureus showed susceptibility to 0.5–1.0 mg/ml propolis Strains resistant to benzyl/penicillin, tetracycline, and erythromycin were sensitive to propolis [15,16].
Anti-Angiogenesis Activity of Propolis
Method-1
Chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay
The CAM assay was conducted following the method of Park et al. (2014), with minor modifications. In brief, fertilized chicken eggs were incubated under humidified conditions at 37 °C. About 4 mL of albumin was drawn from the eggs using a hypodermic syringe (20 gauge) through a small hole drilled at the narrow end of the eggs on day 5 post-incubation, the small CAM and yolk sac were separated from the shell membrane. The opening was resealed with adhesive tape, and the eggs were subsequently returned to the incubator. Subsequently, on day 6, 10 μL of benzyl caffeate (10–200 nmol/egg) or retinoic acid (5 nmol/egg) as a positive control was mixed with 1% methylcellulose and injected into silicon rings (2 mm), The material was placed on the surface of the growing CAM. After 2 days of incubation, a 20% lipid emulsion was injected into the CAM to visualize the blood vessels. A minimum of 15 eggs were used per sample, and the experiment was repeated 5 times. The results were based on the suppression ratio (% of control) of new blood vessels within the range surrounded by a white ring.
Method-2
Chick chorio allontoic membrane is an extra embryonic membrane which is rich in blood vessels and is widely used in assessment of angiogenic and anti -angiogenic products. In the present study we have used 9 days old fertilized eggs. The eggs were surface sterilized and then incubated at 370C for one day4. Then the eggs were observed under egg candling box to visualize the presence of blood vessels.A small hole was drilled in the air space, allowing the air to be drained out. Further a small square shaped window was drilled out on the egg shell without damaging the membrane beneath. 10 eggs were used for each experiment. Different concentrations of the propolis were used for the study. The concentration used for the study was 5, 10 and 15 microgram per ml. The sample was loaded into a sterilized methyl cellulose disc, which was subsequently placed in the window created in the egg. The eggs were then incubated for further 3 more days at 37°C. After incubation the egg was opened and the extent of angiogenesis was observed. Saline was used as negative control and SLS was used as positive control. Testing the insecticidal activity of the propolis extracts on stored grains pests. 50g sample of maize was weighed in 250 m3 Kilner jars using Mettler weighing balance. 5 ml of 10% concentration of the propolis extracts was added to the maize grain sample with the aid of a syringe. They were carefully mixed and left for 1 hour to allow evaporation of the ethanol used for dilution. Thereafter, Kilner jar was infested with 10 pairs of 1–5 days old S. zeamias. The treatments were replicated four times and organized in the laboratory following a completely randomized design. Then the protocol was repeated for the rest of extract concentrations and control (ethanol). Thereafter the same procedure was repeated for the second grain (cowpea) with C. maculatus as pest species. Feeding activities of the maize weevil and cowpea weevil were monitored each for 35 days. Thereafter, insects were removed by sieving, damaged and undamaged grains were sorted and weight loss of the grain as a result of insect feeding activities determined. Data were collected on insect mortality, grain damage, and grain weight loss. Inability of the insects to move or respond to three probing using a blunt probe showed that insects had died. The percentage weight loss and percentage grain damage were calculated using the formula (Odeyemi & Daramola, 2000) ⁒grain damage=number of damaged grains∕Total number of grains×100
Uses Of Propolis
Propolis shows strong antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant activities and has been explored in COVID-19 management. Accordingly, bioactive constituents of propolis associated with their therapeutic effects against different diseases have been widely documented.
Diabetes Mellitus
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder marked by elevated blood glucose due to impaired insulin secretion or action. Natural products have gained attention for their potential in managing T2DM, with propolis emerging as a promising candidate. Rich in flavonoids such as apigenin, chrysin, galangin, kaempferol, luteolin, genistein, pinocembrin, and quercetin, propolis exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and free-radical scavenging properties. These compounds demonstrate antidiabetic potential by lowering blood glucose, enhancing insulin detection, and regulating secretion. Notably, naringin, a flavanone glycoside in propolis, mimics insulin activity, reduces lipid levels, and improves insulin sensitivity. Apigenin and naringin further enhance glucose uptake in muscle tissues and inhibit glycogen phosphorylase, contributing to improved glycaemic control. Collectively, propolis-derived flavonoids support metabolic balance and reduce hyperglycaemia, highlighting their therapeutic relevance in T2DM.
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a chronic autoimmune condition, involves joint pain, swelling, and reduced mobility due to immune-mediated tissue damage. Oxidative stress and inflammation are central to RA progression, with reactive oxygen species (ROS) activating nuclear factor kappa B (NF-KB) and driving cytokine release, including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Propolis constituents—terpenoids, phenolic compounds, steroids, alcohols, and sugars—exert anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects that counteract these processes. By blocking NF-KB activation and reducing ROS, propolis mitigates inflammation and oxidative stress in RA-affected joints. Additionally, propolis supports tissue regeneration, including bone, cartilage, and dental pulp, further enhancing its therapeutic potential. Its chemical composition underscores strong anti-inflammatory activity, making propolis a valuable natural adjunct in RA management.
Anticancer
Cancer is a pathological condition characterized by uncontrolled cell growth, invasion of surrounding tissues, and metastasis to distant organs. Resistance to chemotherapy often reduces the effectiveness of conventional drugs, prompting interest in natural products as alternative therapies. Propolis, a bee-derived substance rich in diverse bioactive compounds, has demonstrated significant anticancer activity across breast, colon, liver, lung, and pancreatic cancer cell lines. Its mechanisms include induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, both critical in halting tumour progression. Flavonoids and other constituents such as apigenin, caffeic acid, CAPE, ferulic acid, galangin, luteolin, myricetin, pinocembrin, and quercetin contribute to chemo preventive and antiproliferative actions. Propolis enhances apoptosis by activating caspase cascades and promoting cytochrome C release from mitochondria, thereby targeting molecules involved in the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. This chemical diversity underscores its potential as a natural anticancer agent.
Gastrointestinal Disorders
Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders impair the normal functioning of the digestive tract, including conditions such as oral mucositis, peptic disorders, gastritis, colitis, and mucosal ulcers. Propolis has been widely studied for its therapeutic role in GI health due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and mucosal-protective properties. In irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), propolis supplementation alleviates symptoms by reducing visceral hypersensitivity and elevating pain tolerance, largely attributed to quercetin glycosides. It also suppresses inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) transcription via NF-KB regulation, minimizes colon tissue injury, and decreases inflammatory responses. Furthermore, propolis enhances mucin secretion, strengthens intestinal barrier integrity, and supports gut health through its prebiotic components. These actions prevent bacterial translocation and maintain gastrointestinal homeostasis, highlighting propolis as a promising natural adjunct in managing GI disorders.
Coronavirus Diseases
In early 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a global pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), widely known as COVID-19. This highly transmissible viral infection produced diverse clinical manifestations, including fever, cough, body pain, immune suppression, severe respiratory complications, and, in critical cases, death. During the initial stages, therapeutic options were limited, and the virus’s rapid mutation rate complicated treatment development. Consequently, natural products such as propolis attracted significant attention for their potential role in combating COVID-19. Propolis exhibits pharmacological properties including anti-inflammatory activity, immune-enhancing effects, and inhibition of viral replication. These attributes suggest that propolis may serve as a supportive therapy in reducing viral progression and strengthening host immunity against SARS-CoV-2[17].
Asthma
Allergic diseases, including asthma, atopic dermatitis, and allergic rhinitis, represent a major global health challenge due to limited access to medications, high treatment costs, and insufficient therapeutic effectiveness. Asthma, a chronic inflammatory respiratory disorder, is characterized by airway narrowing and swelling, leading to chest tightness, wheezing, and breathing difficulty, especially after allergen exposure. Recent studies have increasingly explored natural therapies such as propolis for asthma management. Bioactive compounds in propolis demonstrate anti allergic, anti asthmatic, and anti inflammatory actions. These effects are largely attributed to the inhibition of mast cell and basophil activation, which are central to allergic inflammatory responses. When allergens bind to immunoglobulin E (IgE), cross linking of IgE receptors activates these cells, triggering the release of histamine and pro inflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF α). By modulating these pathways, propolis shows promise as a supportive therapy for both infectious and allergic respiratory diseases.
Modern analytical techniques (HPLC, GC, MS, NMR) reveal propolis as a complex bee product containing flavonoids, phenolics, stilbenes, lignans, sugars, hydrocarbons, minerals, vitamins, pollen, resin, and wax. Over 241 new compounds were identified between 2000–2012. These diverse metabolites underpin antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, highlighting propolis’ therapeutic potential. This review reveals the extraction procedures and pharmacological activities of Propilis.
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We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, we deeply appreciate the interest shown in our work and its publication. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you. The peer review process, as well as the support provided by the editorial office, have been exceptional, and the quality of the journal is very high, which was a determining factor in our decision to publish with you.
The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews journal clinically in the future time.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude for the trust placed in our team for the publication in your journal. It has been a true pleasure to collaborate with you on this project. I am pleased to inform you that both the peer review process and the attention from the editorial coordination have been excellent. Your team has worked with dedication and professionalism to ensure that your publication meets the highest standards of quality. We are confident that this collaboration will result in mutual success, and we are eager to see the fruits of this shared effort.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I hope this message finds you well. I want to express my utmost gratitude for your excellent work and for the dedication and speed in the publication process of my article titled "Navigating Innovation: Qualitative Insights on Using Technology for Health Education in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients." I am very satisfied with the peer review process, the support from the editorial office, and the quality of the journal. I hope we can maintain our scientific relationship in the long term.
Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.
Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, The review process for the article “The Handling of Anti-aggregants and Anticoagulants in the Oncologic Heart Patient Submitted to Surgery” was extremely rigorous and detailed. From the initial submission to the final acceptance, the editorial team at the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” demonstrated a high level of professionalism and dedication. The reviewers provided constructive and detailed feedback, which was essential for improving the quality of our work. Communication was always clear and efficient, ensuring that all our questions were promptly addressed. The quality of the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” is undeniable. It is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication dedicated exclusively to disseminating high-quality research in the field of clinical cardiology and cardiovascular interventions. The journal's impact factor is currently under evaluation, and it is indexed in reputable databases, which further reinforces its credibility and relevance in the scientific field. I highly recommend this journal to researchers looking for a reputable platform to publish their studies.
Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”
Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner
My Testimonial Covering as fellowing: Lin-Show Chin. The peer reviewers process is quick and effective, the supports from editorial office is excellent, the quality of journal is high. I would like to collabroate with Internatioanl journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.
My experience publishing in Psychology and Mental Health Care was exceptional. The peer review process was rigorous and constructive, with reviewers providing valuable insights that helped enhance the quality of our work. The editorial team was highly supportive and responsive, making the submission process smooth and efficient. The journal's commitment to high standards and academic rigor makes it a respected platform for quality research. I am grateful for the opportunity to publish in such a reputable journal.
My experience publishing in International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was exceptional. I Come forth to Provide a Testimonial Covering the Peer Review Process and the editorial office for the Professional and Impartial Evaluation of the Manuscript.
I would like to offer my testimony in the support. I have received through the peer review process and support the editorial office where they are to support young authors like me, encourage them to publish their work in your esteemed journals, and globalize and share knowledge globally. I really appreciate your journal, peer review, and editorial office.
Dear Agrippa Hilda- Editorial Coordinator of Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, "The peer review process was very quick and of high quality, which can also be seen in the articles in the journal. The collaboration with the editorial office was very good."
I would like to express my sincere gratitude for the support and efficiency provided by the editorial office throughout the publication process of my article, “Delayed Vulvar Metastases from Rectal Carcinoma: A Case Report.” I greatly appreciate the assistance and guidance I received from your team, which made the entire process smooth and efficient. The peer review process was thorough and constructive, contributing to the overall quality of the final article. I am very grateful for the high level of professionalism and commitment shown by the editorial staff, and I look forward to maintaining a long-term collaboration with the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews.
To Dear Erin Aust, I would like to express my heartfelt appreciation for the opportunity to have my work published in this esteemed journal. The entire publication process was smooth and well-organized, and I am extremely satisfied with the final result. The Editorial Team demonstrated the utmost professionalism, providing prompt and insightful feedback throughout the review process. Their clear communication and constructive suggestions were invaluable in enhancing my manuscript, and their meticulous attention to detail and dedication to quality are truly commendable. Additionally, the support from the Editorial Office was exceptional. From the initial submission to the final publication, I was guided through every step of the process with great care and professionalism. The team's responsiveness and assistance made the entire experience both easy and stress-free. I am also deeply impressed by the quality and reputation of the journal. It is an honor to have my research featured in such a respected publication, and I am confident that it will make a meaningful contribution to the field.
"I am grateful for the opportunity of contributing to [International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews] and for the rigorous review process that enhances the quality of research published in your esteemed journal. I sincerely appreciate the time and effort of your team who have dedicatedly helped me in improvising changes and modifying my manuscript. The insightful comments and constructive feedback provided have been invaluable in refining and strengthening my work".
I thank the ‘Journal of Clinical Research and Reports’ for accepting this article for publication. This is a rigorously peer reviewed journal which is on all major global scientific data bases. I note the review process was prompt, thorough and professionally critical. It gave us an insight into a number of important scientific/statistical issues. The review prompted us to review the relevant literature again and look at the limitations of the study. The peer reviewers were open, clear in the instructions and the editorial team was very prompt in their communication. This journal certainly publishes quality research articles. I would recommend the journal for any future publications.
Dear Jessica Magne, with gratitude for the joint work. Fast process of receiving and processing the submitted scientific materials in “Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions”. High level of competence of the editors with clear and correct recommendations and ideas for enriching the article.
We found the peer review process quick and positive in its input. The support from the editorial officer has been very agile, always with the intention of improving the article and taking into account our subsequent corrections.
My article, titled 'No Way Out of the Smartphone Epidemic Without Considering the Insights of Brain Research,' has been republished in the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. The review process was seamless and professional, with the editors being both friendly and supportive. I am deeply grateful for their efforts.
To Dear Erin Aust – Editorial Coordinator of Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice! I declare that I am absolutely satisfied with your work carried out with great competence in following the manuscript during the various stages from its receipt, during the revision process to the final acceptance for publication. Thank Prof. Elvira Farina
Dear Jessica, and the super professional team of the ‘Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions’ I am sincerely grateful to the coordinated work of the journal team for the no problem with the submission of my manuscript: “Cardiometabolic Disorders in A Pregnant Woman with Severe Preeclampsia on the Background of Morbid Obesity (Case Report).” The review process by 5 experts was fast, and the comments were professional, which made it more specific and academic, and the process of publication and presentation of the article was excellent. I recommend that my colleagues publish articles in this journal, and I am interested in further scientific cooperation. Sincerely and best wishes, Dr. Oleg Golyanovskiy.
Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator of the journal - Psychology and Mental Health Care. " The process of obtaining publication of my article in the Psychology and Mental Health Journal was positive in all areas. The peer review process resulted in a number of valuable comments, the editorial process was collaborative and timely, and the quality of this journal has been quickly noticed, resulting in alternative journals contacting me to publish with them." Warm regards, Susan Anne Smith, PhD. Australian Breastfeeding Association.
Dear Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, Auctores Publishing LLC. I appreciate the journal (JCCI) editorial office support, the entire team leads were always ready to help, not only on technical front but also on thorough process. Also, I should thank dear reviewers’ attention to detail and creative approach to teach me and bring new insights by their comments. Surely, more discussions and introduction of other hemodynamic devices would provide better prevention and management of shock states. Your efforts and dedication in presenting educational materials in this journal are commendable. Best wishes from, Farahnaz Fallahian.
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews, Auctores Publishing LLC. I am delighted to have published our manuscript, "Acute Colonic Pseudo-Obstruction (ACPO): A rare but serious complication following caesarean section." I want to thank the editorial team, especially Maria Emerson, for their prompt review of the manuscript, quick responses to queries, and overall support. Yours sincerely Dr. Victor Olagundoye.
Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. Many thanks for publishing this manuscript after I lost confidence the editors were most helpful, more than other journals Best wishes from, Susan Anne Smith, PhD. Australian Breastfeeding Association.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The entire process including article submission, review, revision, and publication was extremely easy. The journal editor was prompt and helpful, and the reviewers contributed to the quality of the paper. Thank you so much! Eric Nussbaum, MD
Dr Hala Al Shaikh This is to acknowledge that the peer review process for the article ’ A Novel Gnrh1 Gene Mutation in Four Omani Male Siblings, Presentation and Management ’ sent to the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was quick and smooth. The editorial office was prompt with easy communication.
Dear Erin Aust, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice. We are pleased to share our experience with the “Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice”, following the successful publication of our article. The peer review process was thorough and constructive, helping to improve the clarity and quality of the manuscript. We are especially thankful to Ms. Erin Aust, the Editorial Coordinator, for her prompt communication and continuous support throughout the process. Her professionalism ensured a smooth and efficient publication experience. The journal upholds high editorial standards, and we highly recommend it to fellow researchers seeking a credible platform for their work. Best wishes By, Dr. Rakhi Mishra.
Dear Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, Auctores Publishing LLC. The peer review process of the journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions was excellent and fast, as was the support of the editorial office and the quality of the journal. Kind regards Walter F. Riesen Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Walter F. Riesen.
Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews, Auctores Publishing LLC. Thank you for publishing our article, Exploring Clozapine's Efficacy in Managing Aggression: A Multiple Single-Case Study in Forensic Psychiatry in the international journal of clinical case reports and reviews. We found the peer review process very professional and efficient. The comments were constructive, and the whole process was efficient. On behalf of the co-authors, I would like to thank you for publishing this article. With regards, Dr. Jelle R. Lettinga.
Dear Clarissa Eric, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, I would like to express my deep admiration for the exceptional professionalism demonstrated by your journal. I am thoroughly impressed by the speed of the editorial process, the substantive and insightful reviews, and the meticulous preparation of the manuscript for publication. Additionally, I greatly appreciate the courteous and immediate responses from your editorial office to all my inquiries. Best Regards, Dariusz Ziora
Dear Chrystine Mejia, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Neurodegeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Auctores Publishing LLC, We would like to thank the editorial team for the smooth and high-quality communication leading up to the publication of our article in the Journal of Neurodegeneration and Neurorehabilitation. The reviewers have extensive knowledge in the field, and their relevant questions helped to add value to our publication. Kind regards, Dr. Ravi Shrivastava.
Dear Clarissa Eric, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, Auctores Publishing LLC, USA Office: +1-(302)-520-2644. I would like to express my sincere appreciation for the efficient and professional handling of my case report by the ‘Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies’. The peer review process was not only fast but also highly constructive—the reviewers’ comments were clear, relevant, and greatly helped me improve the quality and clarity of my manuscript. I also received excellent support from the editorial office throughout the process. Communication was smooth and timely, and I felt well guided at every stage, from submission to publication. The overall quality and rigor of the journal are truly commendable. I am pleased to have published my work with Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, and I look forward to future opportunities for collaboration. Sincerely, Aline Tollet, UCLouvain.
Dear Ms. Mayra Duenas, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. “The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews represented the “ideal house” to share with the research community a first experience with the use of the Simeox device for speech rehabilitation. High scientific reputation and attractive website communication were first determinants for the selection of this Journal, and the following submission process exceeded expectations: fast but highly professional peer review, great support by the editorial office, elegant graphic layout. Exactly what a dynamic research team - also composed by allied professionals - needs!" From, Chiara Beccaluva, PT - Italy.
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator, we have deeply appreciated the professionalism demonstrated by the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. The reviewers have extensive knowledge of our field and have been very efficient and fast in supporting the process. I am really looking forward to further collaboration. Thanks. Best regards, Dr. Claudio Ligresti
Dear Chrystine Mejia, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Neurodegeneration and Neurorehabilitation. “The peer review process was efficient and constructive, and the editorial office provided excellent communication and support throughout. The journal ensures scientific rigor and high editorial standards, while also offering a smooth and timely publication process. We sincerely appreciate the work of the editorial team in facilitating the dissemination of innovative approaches such as the Bonori Method.” Best regards, Dr. Matteo Bonori.
I recommend without hesitation submitting relevant papers on medical decision making to the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I am very grateful to the editorial staff. Maria Emerson was a pleasure to communicate with. The time from submission to publication was an extremely short 3 weeks. The editorial staff submitted the paper to three reviewers. Two of the reviewers commented positively on the value of publishing the paper. The editorial staff quickly recognized the third reviewer’s comments as an unjust attempt to reject the paper. I revised the paper as recommended by the first two reviewers.
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. Thank you for publishing our case report: "Clinical Case of Effective Fetal Stem Cells Treatment in a Patient with Autism Spectrum Disorder" within the "Journal of Clinical Research and Reports" being submitted by the team of EmCell doctors from Kyiv, Ukraine. We much appreciate a professional and transparent peer-review process from Auctores. All research Doctors are so grateful to your Editorial Office and Auctores Publishing support! I amiably wish our article publication maintained a top quality of your International Scientific Journal. My best wishes for a prosperity of the Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. Hope our scientific relationship and cooperation will remain long lasting. Thank you very much indeed. Kind regards, Dr. Andriy Sinelnyk Cell Therapy Center EmCell
Dear Editorial Team, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions. It was truly a rewarding experience to work with the journal “Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions”. The peer review process was insightful and encouraging, helping us refine our work to a higher standard. The editorial office offered exceptional support with prompt and thoughtful communication. I highly value the journal’s role in promoting scientific advancement and am honored to be part of it. Best regards, Meng-Jou Lee, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, National Taiwan University Hospital.
Dear Editorial Team, Journal-Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, “Publishing my article with Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions has been a highly positive experience. The peer-review process was rigorous yet supportive, offering valuable feedback that strengthened my work. The editorial team demonstrated exceptional professionalism, prompt communication, and a genuine commitment to maintaining the highest scientific standards. I am very pleased with the publication quality and proud to be associated with such a reputable journal.” Warm regards, Dr. Mahmoud Kamal Moustafa Ahmed
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator of ‘International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews’, I appreciate the opportunity to publish my article with your journal. The editorial office provided clear communication during the submission and review process, and I found the overall experience professional and constructive. Best regards, Elena Salvatore.
Dear Mayra Duenas, Editorial Coordinator of ‘International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews Herewith I confirm an optimal peer review process and a great support of the editorial office of the present journal
Dear Editorial Team, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions. I am really grateful for the peers review; their feedback gave me the opportunity to reflect on the message and impact of my work and to ameliorate the article. The editors did a great job in addition by encouraging me to continue with the process of publishing.
Dear Cecilia Lilly, Editorial Coordinator, Endocrinology and Disorders, Thank you so much for your quick response regarding reviewing and all process till publishing our manuscript entitled: Prevalence of Pre-Diabetes and its Associated Risk Factors Among Nile College Students, Sudan. Best regards, Dr Mamoun Magzoub.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is a high quality journal that has a clear and concise submission process. The peer review process was comprehensive and constructive. Support from the editorial office was excellent, since the administrative staff were responsive. The journal provides a fast and timely publication timeline.
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator of International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews, What distinguishes International Journal of Clinical Case Report and Review is not only the scientific rigor of its publications, but the intellectual climate in which research is evaluated. The submission process is refreshingly free of unnecessary formal barriers and bureaucratic rituals that often complicate academic publishing without adding real value. The peer-review system is demanding yet constructive, guided by genuine scientific dialogue rather than hierarchical or authoritarian attitudes. Reviewers act as collaborators in improving the manuscript, not as gatekeepers imposing arbitrary standards. This journal offers a rare balance: high methodological standards combined with a respectful, transparent, and supportive editorial approach. In an era where publishing can feel more burdensome than research itself, this platform restores the original purpose of peer review — to refine ideas, not to obstruct them Prof. Perlat Kapisyzi, FCCP PULMONOLOGIST AND THORACIC IMAGING.
Dear Grace Pierce, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews I appreciate the opportunity to review for Auctore Journal, as the overall editorial process was smooth, transparent and professionally managed. This journal maintains high scientific standards and ensures timely communications with authors, which is truly commendable. I would like to express my special thanks to editor Grace Pierce for his constant guidance, promt responses, and supportive coordination throughout the review process. I am also greatful to Eleanor Bailey from the finance department for her clear communication and efficient handling of all administrative matters. Overall, my experience with Auctore Journal has been highly positive and rewarding. Best regards, Sabita sinha
Dear Mayra Duenas, Editorial Coordinator of the journal IJCCR, I write here a little on my experience as an author submitting to the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews (IJCCR). This was my first submission to IJCCR and my manuscript was inherently an outsider’s effort. It attempted to broadly identify and then make some sense of life’s under-appreciated mysteries. I initially had responded to a request for possible submissions. I then contacted IJCCR with a tentative topic for a manuscript. They quickly got back with an approval for the submission, but with a particular requirement that it be medically relevant. I then put together a manuscript and submitted it. After the usual back-and-forth over forms and formality, the manuscript was sent off for reviews. Within 2 weeks I got back 4 reviews which were both helpful and also surprising. Surprising in that the topic was somewhat foreign to medical literature. My subsequent updates in response to the reviewer comments went smoothly and in short order I had a series of proofs to evaluate. All in all, the whole publication process seemed outstanding. It was both helpful in terms of the paper’s content and also in terms of its efficient and friendly communications. Thank you all very much. Sincerely, Ted Christopher, Rochester, NY.
