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Review | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2768-2757/191
Department of Neurological Surgery, Rush University Medical Center Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
*Corresponding Author: Terry Lichtor., State Budgetary Healthcare Institution
Citation: Terry Lichtor, (2025), Immunotherapy in the Development of Anti-Tumor Immunity for the Treatment of a Brain Tumor, Journal of Clinical Surgery and Research, 6(7); DOI:10.31579/2768-2757/190
Copyright: © 2025, Terry Lichtor. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 03 November 2025 | Accepted: 19 November 2025 | Published: 28 November 2025
Keywords: gene therapy; brain tumors; immunotherapy; cancer vaccines
Current management of patients with brain tumors include surgical resection, cranial irradiation and systemic or local chemotherapy. The treatments for these patients all have serious adverse side effects and the survival benefit is generally minimal for most patients. Understanding the impact of the immune system on cancer growth is becoming crucial for development of cancer vaccines and antitumor gene therapy strategies. Malignant cells express unique antigens which are the basis of clinical immunotherapeutic strategies. The antitumor immune response can be stimulated by cytokines such as IL-15 or IL-2. In this review studies with either a poxvirus augmented to secrete IL-15, or allogeneic fibroblasts engineered to secrete IL-2 are shown to be an effective treatment strategy in prolonging survival in mice with malignant intracerebral tumors upon injection of the treatment cells into the brain. Translation of these gene these gene therapy strategies for patients with intracerebral tumors are urgently needed.
Immune Mechanisms of Cancer Pathophysiology
The immune system has a dual nature; it can both inhibit tumor growth by the development of anti-tumor immunity or accelerate cancer progression by favoring tumor cells that can survive in an immunocompetent host along with conditions that support tumor growth [1,2]. There are times when the immune system unintentionally promotes tumor growth [3,4].
Immune Strategies of Cancer Therapy
Tumor cells express unique antigens which form the rationale for clinical immunotherapeutic strategies. A variety of immunotherapeutic strategies have been employed to treat cancer cells. These include immune checkpoint inhibitors, chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy and oncogenic viruses [5]. Cancer vaccines attempt to activate the immune response against specific cancer cell antigens stimulating cytotoxic T lymphocytes to target cancer cells [6,7]. Vaccines have been prepared using antigen presenting dendritic cells stimulated with apoptotic bodies from tumor cells or tumor cell lysates. The introduction of tumor cell-derived RNA into dendritic cells is another approach which has been developed. Dendritic cells stimulated to respond to tumor antigens also results in the induction of immune responses against the broad array of tumor antigens expressed by the population of malignant cells including tumors of neuroectodermal origin [8,9]. In patients, immunization with autologous dendritic cells transfected with mRNA from malignant glioma cells elicited tumor-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses against the patient’s malignant cells [10]. Novel and more specific targets such as glioma stem-like cells have been shown to increase the success of dendritic cell immunotherapy [11]. Although results of dendritic cell immunotherapy have demonstrated promise in animal models, clinical trials have revealed relatively short benefits or limited to a minority of treated patients with brain tumors [12].
Immunosuppression and Cancer Therapy
In many aggressive tumors, such as gliomas, progression is enabled by local immunosuppression driven by the accumulation of regulatory T cells (Treg) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) [13]. However, the mechanistic details of how Tregs and MDSCs are recruited in various tumors are not well understood. The poor response to treatment in patients with glioma may be due to the immunosuppressive T cells that usually prevent autoimmunity when the human immune response is evoked [14]. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are immunosuppressive T cells that usually prevent autoimmunity when the human immune response is evoked, and there has been a strong correlation between glioma-induced immunosuppression and Tregs. Agents which inhibit immune checkpoints are becoming another strategy for application of cancer therapy [15]. Immunosuppressive mediators such as IL-10, TGF-β and prostaglandin can block the function of the immune system and promote the growth of tumors, and inhibition of these immunosuppressive agents is one of the keys to success of tumor treatment [16].
Immunomodulatory Cytokines
There are a group of immunomodulatory cytokines including IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15 and IL-21 which belong to the family of four α-helix bundle cytokines [17]. The development of IL-2 has been a significant force in the development of immunotherapy in cancer [18]. Recombinant IL-2 can induce clinical responses in up to 15% of patients with metastatic cancer. However, the use of IL-2 is limited by toxic side effects and the stimulation of regulatory T cells which modulate the immune system. To overcome these limitations and improve response rates, other agents which stimulate T cells such as IL-15 have been in clinical development. Furthermore IL-15, unlike IL-2, does not contribute to the maintenance of regulatory T cells [19,20]. Co-expression of IL-15 with the sushi domain of the alpha subunit of Il-15Rα greatly enhances IL-15 stability and function in vivo. Pre-association of IL-15 with IL-15Rα generates a more portent ligand compared to the cytokine alone. Natural killer (NK) cells are a crucial element of the immune system. NK cell immunity is largely regulated by interleukin-15 [21]. IL15 can activate and attract natural killer cells and CD8+ cells along with promoting the development of memory T cells. Genetic modification of NK cells to produce IL-15 has been explored [22]. Structurally similar to interleukin 2, IL-15 supports the persistence of CD8+ memory T cells while inhibiting IL-2-induced T cell death to better maintain long-term anti-tumor immunity [23]. NK cell infusion along with Il-15 in combination with checkpoint inhibitors has been examined. The clinical use of IL-15 has been limited by dose-limiting toxicities [24]. A tumor-conditional IL-15 (pro-IL-15) has been developed which demonstrates significantly reduced toxicity but uncompromised antitumor-efficacy. Pro-IL-15 can overcome checkpoint blockade resistance and actual adoptive T cells which can lead to eradication of certain advanced tumors. However, initial results have not demonstrated efficacy for prolonging survival in patients with brain tumors treated with various cytokines alone including IL-2 or IL-15 [25].
Principles of Brain Tumor Immunotherapy
Dendritic cells stimulated with tumor antigens represent a significant immunotherapeutic approach that has demonstrated potential in brain tumor animal models, but clinical trials involving dendritic cells have documented relatively short benefits which are limited to a small number of patients treated with brain tumors [26]. In many aggressive tumors, such as gliomas, progression is enhanced by local immunosuppression driven by the accumulation of regulatory T cells (Treg) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) that normally prevent anti-tumor immunity when the immune response is stimulated [27,28].
Potential Application of Oncolytic Viruses in Brain Tumor Therapy
Oncolytic viruses, either engineered or in nature, may selectively infect and lyse tumor cells while not infecting normal cells [29]. Once oncolytic viruses infect tumor cells, they may be involved in the anti-tumor response by a direct cytotoxic effect on tumor cells and consequent release of tumor-associated antigens leading to the stimulation of anti-tumor immune responses [30]. When the virus is engineered to express an immunostimulatory cytokine [31], it also may lead to the release of the expression of potent immune-activating agents which may attract anti-tumor immune cells into the tumor microenvironment.
IL-15 and Oncolytic virus as a Potential Treatment for a brain tumor
The use of oncolytic viruses engineered to secrete cytokines has the potential to develop a potent antitumor immune response, and this strategy has been explored for the treatment of patients with high grade gliomas, particularly with IL-2 and IL-15 [32]. A potential advantage of IL-15 is that there is less activation of immune inhibitory Tregs associated with this cytokine. Several treatment strategies involving cytokine expressing treatment cells have recently been reported [33]. Prolongation of survival was found with mice bearing an intracerebral glioma treated intracerebrally with an oncolytic poxvirus (myxoma virus) expressing the fusion protein IL15Rα-tdTr as the T cell activating stimulus in combination with a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor to block immunosuppression (celecoxib) supplemented by adoptive T-cell therapy (tumor-specific CD8+ T cells) [34,35]. Rapamycin was also used to enhance the spread and replication of the oncolytic virus [36,37]. An increased number of infiltrating NK and CD8+ T cells was detected in the tumor specimens indicating that the IL15Rα-IL15 fusion protein is biologically functional and could attract NK and CD8+ T cells into the tumor site. The rationale for this treatment strategy is that the oncolytic poxvirus may lead to a direct cytotoxic effect on glioma cells and consequent release of potential tumor antigens which may result in the stimulation of an anti-tumor immune response. When the virus is engineered to express a cytokine, it also becomes a vector for local expression of potent immune-activating agents. In this study IL15 was chosen because it activates and maintains the function of NK and CD8+ T cells [38)] with less activation of Tregs [39,40]. Systemic inflammation can occur upon parenteral delivery of this cytokine but has not been observed following introduction of IL15 into the brain. However, limited efficacy (short of statistical significance) was observed when mice bearing intracerebral glioma were treated with myxoma virus genetically engineered to express IL15 as a single treatment without other agents.
Allogeneic Fibroblasts Engineered to Secrete IL-2 as a Treatment of a Brain Tumor
The use of fibroblasts genetically engineered to secrete certain cytokines is another attractive method for tumor therapy. The intracerebral injection of cytokine secreting cells has not been shown to have significant long-term side effects. Allogeneic rather than syngeneic cells were chosen for local cytokine administration because of the known adjuvant effects of foreign MHC determinants on the antitumor response and the likelihood that the cells would be rejected by cellular immune mechanisms. Allogeneic IL-2 secreting fibroblasts have been found to prolong survival when injected intracerebrally into mice with an established intracerebral glioma (Gl261) or breast carcinoma (SB-5b) [41]. Spleen cell analysis revealed that the cellular antitumor response was found to be mediated predominantly by natural killer/lymphokine-activated killer and CD8+ cells. Experiments involving the treatment of animals with an intracerebral tumor using subcutaneous injections of IL-2 secreting allogeneic fibroblasts demonstrated no effect on prolonging survival despite the development of a vigorous anti-tumor immune response. Of special interest mice injected intracerebrally with the cytokine-secreting allogeneic fibroblasts alone exhibited no neurologic defect and there was no adverse effect on survival In order to enhance the antitumor immune response with allogeneic fibroblasts, a vaccine was prepared by transfer of a cDNA expression library derived from tumor cells into an allogeneic mouse fibroblast cell line expressing a cytokine such as IL-2. These cells were found to have significant potential in the development of an antitumor immune response and prolongation of survival in mice with an intracerebral tumor following injection of the treatment cells into the brain [42]. The allogeneic fibroblasts transfected with tumor DNA should stimulate the expression of tumor antigens. The transferred DNA integrates spontaneously into the genome of the recipient cells and replicates as the cells divide. This subsequently results in the development of immunity to antigens that characterize the patient’s tumor. Only small amounts of tumor tissue are necessary to enable treatment at an early stage of the disease, when tumor tissue may be available in limited amounts and the tumor is most susceptible to immune based therapy. The effect of antibodies against various T-cell subsets on the responding T cell response was used to determine the types of cells activated for antitumor immunity in the spleens of mice injected into the tumor bed with treatment cells. ELISPOT IFN- assays were used for this analysis. The antitumor immune response was inhibited to the greatest extent by antibodies against CD4+ cells. The results were less dramatic if the spleen cells were incubated in the media containing CD8+ or NK/LAK antibodies. Finally, a unique enrichment strategy has also been developed to increase the proportion of immunotherapeutic cells in the vaccine.
Pre-Clinical Animal Models
It has been reported that IFN-γ secretion and cell cytotoxicity of natural killer (NK) cells are profoundly suppressed [43], the number of cytotoxic T cells and T helper cells [44] are markedly decreased while the number of regulatory T cells (Tregs) [45,46] and low-density neutrophils are significantly increased in the postoperative period. All these factors could contribute to the poor prognosis and recurrence of tumor following surgical resection. As a preliminary step toward testing a novel immunotherapeutic strategy, studies were done to determine whether mice can survive resection of an advanced murine glioma. In these studies, C57BL/6 mice were implanted with 5 X 104 GL261 glioma cells into the right frontal lobe and then underwent tumor resection under a high-powered microscope after 16 days. An attempt was made to resect as much tumor as possible. No neurologic deficits were observed in the animals in this study. The results revealed that the advanced glioma occupied about 25% of the right hemisphere and the surgical resection revealed that 85% of the tumor was removed [47]. The survival curve showed that the median survival for the resected mice was prolonged by 5 days although this was short of significant statistical difference. The results indicate that it is feasible to perform tumor resection of mice bearing advanced glioma in the brain, mice can survive from the resection, and the surgical resection has the potential to prolong survival time. It was subsequently investigated whether tumor resection followed by immunotherapy treatment would lead to a prolongation of survival without adverse side effects. In these studies, C57Bl/6 mice were implanted with 5 X 104 GL261 glioma cells into the right frontal lobe and then underwent tumor resection under a high-powered microscope 16 days after tumor implantation. The mice were then treated with an oncolytic poxvirus (myxoma virus) expressing the fusion protein IL15Rα-tdTr as the T cell activating stimulus in combination with a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor to block immunosuppression (celecoxib) and supplemented by adoptive T-cell therapy (tumor-specific CD8+ T cells). Rapamycin was also used to enhance the spread and replication of the oncolytic virus. The results, however, revealed no significant prolongation of survival in the treated mice. This is likely because the resection was not done until 16 days after tumor implantation and the potential to prolong survival would probably be more effective if the treatment was initiated at an earlier stage following tumor implantation.
The goal of tumor treatment would be the eradication of every tumor cell. It is unlikely that a single therapy can achieve this goal in the case of most tumors. Gliomas infiltrate into the brain and it can be difficult to distinguish tumor tissue from normal brain. Therefore, surgical treatment for these tumors is not generally efficacious and the survival of these patients remains poor. In addition, these tumors remain resistant to standard additional treatment modalities including radiation therapy and chemotherapy, and these treatments are associated with significant adverse side effects. It is possible that surgical treatments can be improved using bioluminescent imaging which can help to identify residual tumor cells. Alternatively, intraoperative imaging such as CT or MRI can help in this regard although aggressive surgical treatment can lead to neurologic deficits. In the studies described in his report using immunotherapy strategies no neurologic deficits have been observed. Cancer vaccines have demonstrated ability to stimulate a strong antitumor immune response but significant challenges in achieving clinical efficacy have been encountered. Immune system tolerance can weaken the immune system’s reaction to cancer cells. Regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells can impede the antitumor immune response against the tumors. The use of cytokines is becoming more common in treatment of patients with high grade tumors, particularly with IL-2 and IL-15. A potential advantage of IL-15 is that this cytokine activates and maintains the function of NK and CD8+ T cells, but there is less activation of immune inhibitory Tregs. Novel treatments are urgently needed to treat brain tumors.
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"I am grateful for the opportunity of contributing to [International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews] and for the rigorous review process that enhances the quality of research published in your esteemed journal. I sincerely appreciate the time and effort of your team who have dedicatedly helped me in improvising changes and modifying my manuscript. The insightful comments and constructive feedback provided have been invaluable in refining and strengthening my work".
I thank the ‘Journal of Clinical Research and Reports’ for accepting this article for publication. This is a rigorously peer reviewed journal which is on all major global scientific data bases. I note the review process was prompt, thorough and professionally critical. It gave us an insight into a number of important scientific/statistical issues. The review prompted us to review the relevant literature again and look at the limitations of the study. The peer reviewers were open, clear in the instructions and the editorial team was very prompt in their communication. This journal certainly publishes quality research articles. I would recommend the journal for any future publications.
Dear Jessica Magne, with gratitude for the joint work. Fast process of receiving and processing the submitted scientific materials in “Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions”. High level of competence of the editors with clear and correct recommendations and ideas for enriching the article.
We found the peer review process quick and positive in its input. The support from the editorial officer has been very agile, always with the intention of improving the article and taking into account our subsequent corrections.
My article, titled 'No Way Out of the Smartphone Epidemic Without Considering the Insights of Brain Research,' has been republished in the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. The review process was seamless and professional, with the editors being both friendly and supportive. I am deeply grateful for their efforts.
To Dear Erin Aust – Editorial Coordinator of Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice! I declare that I am absolutely satisfied with your work carried out with great competence in following the manuscript during the various stages from its receipt, during the revision process to the final acceptance for publication. Thank Prof. Elvira Farina
Dear Jessica, and the super professional team of the ‘Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions’ I am sincerely grateful to the coordinated work of the journal team for the no problem with the submission of my manuscript: “Cardiometabolic Disorders in A Pregnant Woman with Severe Preeclampsia on the Background of Morbid Obesity (Case Report).” The review process by 5 experts was fast, and the comments were professional, which made it more specific and academic, and the process of publication and presentation of the article was excellent. I recommend that my colleagues publish articles in this journal, and I am interested in further scientific cooperation. Sincerely and best wishes, Dr. Oleg Golyanovskiy.
Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator of the journal - Psychology and Mental Health Care. " The process of obtaining publication of my article in the Psychology and Mental Health Journal was positive in all areas. The peer review process resulted in a number of valuable comments, the editorial process was collaborative and timely, and the quality of this journal has been quickly noticed, resulting in alternative journals contacting me to publish with them." Warm regards, Susan Anne Smith, PhD. Australian Breastfeeding Association.
Dear Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, Auctores Publishing LLC. I appreciate the journal (JCCI) editorial office support, the entire team leads were always ready to help, not only on technical front but also on thorough process. Also, I should thank dear reviewers’ attention to detail and creative approach to teach me and bring new insights by their comments. Surely, more discussions and introduction of other hemodynamic devices would provide better prevention and management of shock states. Your efforts and dedication in presenting educational materials in this journal are commendable. Best wishes from, Farahnaz Fallahian.
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews, Auctores Publishing LLC. I am delighted to have published our manuscript, "Acute Colonic Pseudo-Obstruction (ACPO): A rare but serious complication following caesarean section." I want to thank the editorial team, especially Maria Emerson, for their prompt review of the manuscript, quick responses to queries, and overall support. Yours sincerely Dr. Victor Olagundoye.
Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. Many thanks for publishing this manuscript after I lost confidence the editors were most helpful, more than other journals Best wishes from, Susan Anne Smith, PhD. Australian Breastfeeding Association.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The entire process including article submission, review, revision, and publication was extremely easy. The journal editor was prompt and helpful, and the reviewers contributed to the quality of the paper. Thank you so much! Eric Nussbaum, MD
Dr Hala Al Shaikh This is to acknowledge that the peer review process for the article ’ A Novel Gnrh1 Gene Mutation in Four Omani Male Siblings, Presentation and Management ’ sent to the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was quick and smooth. The editorial office was prompt with easy communication.
Dear Erin Aust, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice. We are pleased to share our experience with the “Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice”, following the successful publication of our article. The peer review process was thorough and constructive, helping to improve the clarity and quality of the manuscript. We are especially thankful to Ms. Erin Aust, the Editorial Coordinator, for her prompt communication and continuous support throughout the process. Her professionalism ensured a smooth and efficient publication experience. The journal upholds high editorial standards, and we highly recommend it to fellow researchers seeking a credible platform for their work. Best wishes By, Dr. Rakhi Mishra.
Dear Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, Auctores Publishing LLC. The peer review process of the journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions was excellent and fast, as was the support of the editorial office and the quality of the journal. Kind regards Walter F. Riesen Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Walter F. Riesen.
Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews, Auctores Publishing LLC. Thank you for publishing our article, Exploring Clozapine's Efficacy in Managing Aggression: A Multiple Single-Case Study in Forensic Psychiatry in the international journal of clinical case reports and reviews. We found the peer review process very professional and efficient. The comments were constructive, and the whole process was efficient. On behalf of the co-authors, I would like to thank you for publishing this article. With regards, Dr. Jelle R. Lettinga.
Dear Clarissa Eric, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, I would like to express my deep admiration for the exceptional professionalism demonstrated by your journal. I am thoroughly impressed by the speed of the editorial process, the substantive and insightful reviews, and the meticulous preparation of the manuscript for publication. Additionally, I greatly appreciate the courteous and immediate responses from your editorial office to all my inquiries. Best Regards, Dariusz Ziora
Dear Chrystine Mejia, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Neurodegeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Auctores Publishing LLC, We would like to thank the editorial team for the smooth and high-quality communication leading up to the publication of our article in the Journal of Neurodegeneration and Neurorehabilitation. The reviewers have extensive knowledge in the field, and their relevant questions helped to add value to our publication. Kind regards, Dr. Ravi Shrivastava.
Dear Clarissa Eric, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, Auctores Publishing LLC, USA Office: +1-(302)-520-2644. I would like to express my sincere appreciation for the efficient and professional handling of my case report by the ‘Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies’. The peer review process was not only fast but also highly constructive—the reviewers’ comments were clear, relevant, and greatly helped me improve the quality and clarity of my manuscript. I also received excellent support from the editorial office throughout the process. Communication was smooth and timely, and I felt well guided at every stage, from submission to publication. The overall quality and rigor of the journal are truly commendable. I am pleased to have published my work with Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, and I look forward to future opportunities for collaboration. Sincerely, Aline Tollet, UCLouvain.
Dear Ms. Mayra Duenas, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. “The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews represented the “ideal house” to share with the research community a first experience with the use of the Simeox device for speech rehabilitation. High scientific reputation and attractive website communication were first determinants for the selection of this Journal, and the following submission process exceeded expectations: fast but highly professional peer review, great support by the editorial office, elegant graphic layout. Exactly what a dynamic research team - also composed by allied professionals - needs!" From, Chiara Beccaluva, PT - Italy.
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator, we have deeply appreciated the professionalism demonstrated by the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. The reviewers have extensive knowledge of our field and have been very efficient and fast in supporting the process. I am really looking forward to further collaboration. Thanks. Best regards, Dr. Claudio Ligresti
Dear Chrystine Mejia, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Neurodegeneration and Neurorehabilitation. “The peer review process was efficient and constructive, and the editorial office provided excellent communication and support throughout. The journal ensures scientific rigor and high editorial standards, while also offering a smooth and timely publication process. We sincerely appreciate the work of the editorial team in facilitating the dissemination of innovative approaches such as the Bonori Method.” Best regards, Dr. Matteo Bonori.
I recommend without hesitation submitting relevant papers on medical decision making to the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I am very grateful to the editorial staff. Maria Emerson was a pleasure to communicate with. The time from submission to publication was an extremely short 3 weeks. The editorial staff submitted the paper to three reviewers. Two of the reviewers commented positively on the value of publishing the paper. The editorial staff quickly recognized the third reviewer’s comments as an unjust attempt to reject the paper. I revised the paper as recommended by the first two reviewers.
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. Thank you for publishing our case report: "Clinical Case of Effective Fetal Stem Cells Treatment in a Patient with Autism Spectrum Disorder" within the "Journal of Clinical Research and Reports" being submitted by the team of EmCell doctors from Kyiv, Ukraine. We much appreciate a professional and transparent peer-review process from Auctores. All research Doctors are so grateful to your Editorial Office and Auctores Publishing support! I amiably wish our article publication maintained a top quality of your International Scientific Journal. My best wishes for a prosperity of the Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. Hope our scientific relationship and cooperation will remain long lasting. Thank you very much indeed. Kind regards, Dr. Andriy Sinelnyk Cell Therapy Center EmCell
Dear Editorial Team, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions. It was truly a rewarding experience to work with the journal “Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions”. The peer review process was insightful and encouraging, helping us refine our work to a higher standard. The editorial office offered exceptional support with prompt and thoughtful communication. I highly value the journal’s role in promoting scientific advancement and am honored to be part of it. Best regards, Meng-Jou Lee, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, National Taiwan University Hospital.
Dear Editorial Team, Journal-Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, “Publishing my article with Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions has been a highly positive experience. The peer-review process was rigorous yet supportive, offering valuable feedback that strengthened my work. The editorial team demonstrated exceptional professionalism, prompt communication, and a genuine commitment to maintaining the highest scientific standards. I am very pleased with the publication quality and proud to be associated with such a reputable journal.” Warm regards, Dr. Mahmoud Kamal Moustafa Ahmed
Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator of ‘International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews’, I appreciate the opportunity to publish my article with your journal. The editorial office provided clear communication during the submission and review process, and I found the overall experience professional and constructive. Best regards, Elena Salvatore.
Dear Mayra Duenas, Editorial Coordinator of ‘International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews Herewith I confirm an optimal peer review process and a great support of the editorial office of the present journal
Dear Editorial Team, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions. I am really grateful for the peers review; their feedback gave me the opportunity to reflect on the message and impact of my work and to ameliorate the article. The editors did a great job in addition by encouraging me to continue with the process of publishing.
Dear Cecilia Lilly, Editorial Coordinator, Endocrinology and Disorders, Thank you so much for your quick response regarding reviewing and all process till publishing our manuscript entitled: Prevalence of Pre-Diabetes and its Associated Risk Factors Among Nile College Students, Sudan. Best regards, Dr Mamoun Magzoub.
